Free online Greek courses. Greek lessons. Learning Greek. Free Greek courses. Self-study Cypriot Language Learning Greek from scratch

The number of people who speak Greek today is relatively small, but the modest statistics do not at all reflect the significance of the language that has shaped Western philosophy, science and literature for many centuries, in which they have been continuously communicating for more than four millennia.

When choosing a teaching resource, it is important not to get confused by the definitions of "Greek" and "Modern Greek". They are equivalent for those whose goal is live communication and acquaintance with modern sources of information. And for those who want to read historical works in the original language, it is better to navigate the sites where a more complex version is offered for study - the ancient Greek one.

Free neo greek tutorial for beginners. A suitable solution for those who do not have the opportunity to learn from a native speaker and are afraid to learn an artificial language. The dialogues and texts included in the project were created by native speakers of Greek, and if you repeat them often, imitating the source as much as possible, then the information will enter your consciousness as ready-made formulas for communication. The list contains 25 voiced lessons. A course starts with topics about the alphabet, sounds, reading rules, articles. Then there is a transition to classes in grammar and syntax, the audio files of which are relevant for diverse life situations: family, appearance, work, health, travel, holidays. After each lesson, tasks and exercises are offered.

An initial course on phonetics and reading rules. The author of the technique M.L. Rytov, according to her textbook they study Greek in Russian-language universities. Information is submitted in text format. To understand how to pronounce sounds, the nuances of articulation are described, the rhythm of words, the rules for reading letter combinations, accents, intonation are explained. It tells about punctuation marks and hyphenation features. Rytova's entire textbook can be downloaded in PDF; in addition to phonetics, it includes a basic course for two years of study, as well as grammar tables and a dictionary.

Block of video lessons for beginners, focused on tourists. The working language is Russian. The duration of the lessons is, on average, 10 minutes. The annotation for each lesson indicates how many new words the user will master after completing it. Having passed, the student will know over a hundred of them. The peculiarity of the approach is in the emphasis on vocabulary rather than grammar, and in the absence of homework.

If this teaching method seems effective to the user, then the possibility of further receiving new lessons by e-mail is provided. By devoting up to two hours to classes every day, you can, according to the assurances of the authors of the project, start speaking Greek in a month.

The author's project of a teacher who has lived in Greece for over 20 years. In addition to the paid training option, the resource has a set of free lessons in the modern language for beginners. At first, it does not offer complex grammar rules - it starts with teaching writing and reading skills, followed by the construction of dialogues. A more serious transition to declensions, conjugations, etc. carried out when the student has already become familiar with the spoken language. The lessons are accompanied by voice acting, there are exercises with solutions.

Free lessons with Larisa Khlebnikova. The teacher, who has lived in Greece for many years, offers a selection of 23 videos, each of which is dedicated to a different topic. Plots lasting 3-7 minutes are designed to tell about the alphabet, all parts of speech, the structure of sentences. The topics “numbers” and “family” are highlighted in separate videos. The author's monologues are accompanied by the display of tables, symbols and other explanatory information.

Podcasts in audio format with PDF transcript, downloadable. The material is structured in the form of lessons, with the successive passage of which the level of the language becomes more complicated. The focus of the first classes is acquaintance, family, shopping. The list of 81 lessons is completed by topics from the philosophical and global categories: superstitions, poor-quality food, climate change. Submission of material is carried out in English, which should be taken into account by Russian-speaking users.

An English-language resource dedicated to contemporary Greek phonetics and phonology. Relevant for those who are already familiar with the Greek alphabet and the pronunciation of all letters separately. The site examines how the letters are combined and how they are pronounced in conjunction. The perception of text information is enhanced by the option of scoring examples. The material contains many tables and links to related articles, sections of word formation.

An offer to learn Greek in 7 lessons. Of course, no language can be learned in such a short time, but the creators of the course are convinced that in seven lessons according to their methodology it is really possible to start navigating in Greek and try to establish minimal communication in it.

Greek vowel sounds [ι, e, a, o, u] are pronounced in the same way as Russian ones [u, e, a, o, u].
The letter Γ γ is pronounced aspirated, reminiscent of the Ukrainian “g”, as well as the Russian “g” in the word “aha”. From now on we will refer to this sound as [r], but please remember to breathe.
Before the vowels ε, ι, η, υ, as well as before the letter combinations αι, ει, οι, ευ, γ it is pronounced close to Russian [y]. The result is sounds similar to the Russian "yu", "i", "yo". For example, για [i] is for, γιος [yos], or [yos] is a son.
The sounds denoted by the letters Δ δ and Θ θ do not have an exact match in Russian. The first sound is pronounced close to English th [p] in the word this. The second is almost equivalent to the English sound [θ] in thank you.
Η η, Ι ι, Υ υ are pronounced like the Russian “i”, and after the vowels as “y”.
O o, Ω ω are always pronounced like the Russian "o" under stress.

Useful words and phrases:

Communication. Greeting.
When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! (Γειά σας!) Τι κάνεις; (Τι κάνετε;)

Καλά. Εσύ; Καλά. Εσείς;

And to the question "How are you?" a detailed answer is usually not expected. These words are more of a formality than a question.
When acquaintances meet, they usually kiss twice on the cheeks, especially if they have not seen each other for a long time. At the first meeting, it is customary to shake hands. This rule applies to both men and women. Keep in mind, international etiquette assumes that the first hand is extended by a woman.

Other greetings:
- Καλημέρα - Good morning!
- Καλησπέρα - Good evening! (during the day usually Γειά σου)
- Καλώς ορίσατε - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε - Glad to see you!
- Καλώς ήρθατε - Welcome!

Acquaintance. Representation.
My name is ... με λένε ... [me lene]
Get to know ... Να σας συστήσω ... [on sas sistyso]
My wife is η γυναίκα μου [and yineka mu]
My husband is ο άντρας μου [about andraz mu]
My sister is η αδελφή μου [and azelfi mu]
My brother is ο αδελφός μου [about azelfos mu]
i came from ... - Ηρθα από ... [Irsa apo ...]
... Moscow - ... τη Μόσχα [ty moskha]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρώσος [ime rosos]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρωσίδα [ime rosiza]
I am 21 years old - Είμαι 21χρονών [ime ikosi enos chronon]

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Που πηγαίνετε; Where do you go?

Where is it? Πού είναι; [poo ine]

Questions and answers:

inside μέσα [mes]

opposite απέναντι [apanandi]

When? Πότε; [sweat]

today σήμερα [simera]

tomorrow αύριο [avrio]

yesterday χτές [хтэс]

now τώρα [torus]

then Μετά [meta]

soon σύντομα [sindoma]

then τότε [tote]

always πάντα [panda]

never ποτέ [sweat]

often συχνά [syna]

why? Γιατί; [yati]

because Γιατί [yati]

like Πως; [pos]

so έτσι [etsy]

good καλά [feces]

bad άσχημα [askhima]

loudly δυνατά [zinata]

slowly, quietly σιγά [whitefish]

quickly γρήγορα [gregor]

early νωρίς [noris]

late αργά [arga]

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Figures. Time designation

The article helps us determine what kind of word. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine and neuter. The masculine article is ο, the feminine article is η, and the middle article is το. For example, ο φοιτητής (student), η αδερφή (sister), το μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Counting up to 20

Note that the numbers “three” and “four” will change depending on the noun behind them. If it is a masculine or feminine noun (for example, treίV άντρες - three men), then we use treίV. If the noun is neuter (for example, trίa βιβλία three books), then trίa should be used.

Time designation

Let's repeat the numbers we already know:

Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννία, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.

Στις 2 (η ‘ωρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (o'clock) in the afternoon

Greek. Lesson 4: Reading Rules. Indefinite article

Stress

All Greek words, except for monosyllables, are always stressed! Sometimes, the meaning of the word depends on the stress. For example, the words "bank" and "table" sound the same and differ only in stress. Τράπεζα - Τραπέζα.

If the stress is on a combination or digraph, then it is placed above the second letter: εύκολα is pronounced as [‘eukola]).

Articles

Today we are continuing a rather complex topic - the article in Greek. Firstly, in our native Russian language, there are no articles. Secondly, in Greek, the article not only stands before the word, but also changes with it. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of a noun.

Articles are subdivided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined "A dog was running along the street" - it is not known which dog we are talking about (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when it comes to an already definite subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is she who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article

The indefinite article has no plural. There are four cases in Greek: the nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative (note that the article is not used in the vocative case). Let me remind you that the nominative case answers the question who ?, what ?; genitive - who ?, what?; accusative - who?, what? Below is the change of articles by gender, number and case:

Indefinite article:

Appeal

Κύριε! - Master!

Κυρία! - Madam!

Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Αγαπητοί φίλοι! - Dear friends!

Νεαρέ! - Young man!

Δεσποινίς! - Girl!

Αγόρι! - Boy!

Κορίτσι! - Girl!

And a few more useful phrases expressing agreement or denial.

Καλά - Good

Εντάξει - Okay

Είμαι σύμφωνος - I agree

Ευχαρίστως - With pleasure

Σωστά - Correct

Βέβαια - Of course

Έχετε δίκαιο - You are right

Όχι - No

Δε συμφωνώ - I do not agree

Δε μπορώ - I can't

Δε μπορούμε - We cannot

Ευχαριστώ, δεν το θέλω - Thank you, I don't want

Δεν είναι σωστό - This is wrong

Διαφωνώ - I object

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

Now you and I are in a similar situation. Take a look at the rules below. And do not try to understand why so many difficulties are invented, why everything is exactly like that .... Just learn it by heart.

The definite article varies by case and number. Here is the pivot table:

For the letter (ν) in accusative articles, the following rule applies:

The letter (ν) is placed if the word following the article begins with a vowel, or with a consonant that can be pronounced instantly (κ, π, τ, γκ, π, ντ, τζ, τσ) or with a consonant denoting a double sound (ξ ψ): Τον Αύγουστο, την πόλη, τον ξύλο, έναν κόσμο, έναν ξένο.

The letter (ν) is not put if the word following the article begins with a consonant that can be pronounced continuously (β, γ, δ ζ, θ, λ, ν, ρ, σ, φ, χ) Το δρόμο, τη μάνα, τη βρύση , τη γραμματεία, ένα βράδυ, ένα σταφύλι.

I want - Θέλω (selo)

I have - Έχω (echo)

Please ... Παρακαλώ ... (parakalo)

Give ... δώστε ... (do)

Wait ... περιμένετε ... (perimenete)

Show me ... δείξτε ... (dikste)

Close (turn off) ... κλείστε ... (kliste)

Open (turn on) ... ανοίξτε ... (anixte)

Call ... φωνάξτε ... (fonaxte)

Call (invite) καλέστε ... (kalesta)

Repeat ... επαναλάβετε ... (epanalavete)

Call ... τηλεφωνήστε ... (tilefoniste)

Allow me ... Επιτρέψτε μου ... (epitrepste mu)

Login ... να μπω on bo

Exit ... να βγω ... on vgo

Pass ... να περάσω ... at peraso

Greek. Lesson 6: How verbs are conjugated

Let's start with an important verb, the verb "to have." In Russian we say “I have”, and in Greek, instead of three words, we use one: έχω

verb έχω (to have)

The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs are divided into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, like έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [village] "I want", and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, like αγαπώ [agapo] “I love”.

έχω [‘echo] I have

έχεις [‘ehis] you have

έχει [‘ehi] ononono has

έχουμε [‘ehume] we have

έχετε [‘ehete] you have

έχουν [‘ehun] they have

Please note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “I have”, “I have”. This is the peculiarity of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates the person in question. If ω, then it means "I have", if ουν, then "they have." Get used to it.

Knowledge of the language

Do you say / do you say ...? Μιλάτε ...

In Russian ρωσικά

Greek ελληνικά

I don't speak Greek. Δε μιλώ ελληνικά.

Do you understand me? Με καταλαβαίνετε;

I don't understand you Δε σας καταλαβαίνω

I understand a little, but I cannot speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω

What language do you know? Τι γλώσσα μιλάτε;

I know Μιλάω

english αγγλικά

german γερμανικά

french γαλλικά

You speak well. Μιλάτε καλά

I have no practice. Μου λείπει η πρακτική

I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά.

Repeat one more time. Πέστε το άλλη φορά.

Slightly slower. Λίγο πιο αργά.

What does this word mean? Τι σημαίνει αυτή η λέξη;

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugate the verb “to be”

Verb conjugations:

I - (εγω) είμαι

You are (εσύ) είσαι

He is (αυτός) είναι

She (αυτή) είναι

We are (εμείς) είμαστε

You are (εσείς) είστε

They (m.r.) (αυτοί) είναι

They (noun) (αυτές) είναι

Use:

Past time:

This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say “was”, “was”, “was”, “were”.

Useful words

QUALITY

1. Good - bad καλός - κακός

2. Handsome - ugly όμορφος - άσχημος

3. Old - young γέρος - νέος

4. Old - new

παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar

γνωστός - άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring

εύθυμος – ανιαρός, σκυθρωπός

8. Smart is stupid

έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small μεγάλος - μικρός

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun Forms and Verb Conjugation

(εγώ) με Me (εμείς) μας us

(εσύ) σε you (εσείς) σας you

(αυτός) τον His (αυτοί) τους them

(αυτή) την Her (αυτές) τις their

Την ξέρω καλά. I know her well.

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I can see him.

Verbs

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voice and mood. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

Note: Pronouns are in parentheses as they are often omitted in colloquial speech.

Useful words

1) Long - short μακρύς - κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow πλατύς, φαρδύς - στενός

3) High - low ψηλός - χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Deep - shallow βαθύς - ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap ακριβός - φτηνός

6) Fast - slow γρήγορος - αργός

7) Light - heavy ελαφρύς - βαρύς

8) Soft - hard μαλακός - σκληρός

9) Thick - thin χοντρός - λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty καθαρός - βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 9: Present Conjugation of Verbs

γράφω [grapho] I write

γράφεις [graph] you write

γράφει [graph] ononaono writes

γράφουμε [grafume] we write

γράφετε [gratete] you write

γράφουν [grafun] they write

In the previous lesson, we looked at the category of verbs that are stressed on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category of verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated like the verb αγαπώ "I love".

Remember that in the Greek the present tense describes both the actions taking place in the moment and the repetitive actions, for example, “I drink coffee now” (continued), “I drink coffee every morning” (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

The verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number

αγαπώ [ayapo] I love

αγαπάς [ayapas] you love

αγαπά [ayapa] he she loves it

Multiple number

αγαπούμε [ayapume] we love

αγαπάτε [ayapate] you love

αγαπόυν [ayapun] they love

The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

The verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have different endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can."

Unit number

μπορώ [borough] I can

μπορείς [boris] you can

μπορεί [bori] ononaono can

Multiple number

μπορούμε [borume] we can

μπορείτε [beat] you can

μπορούν [borun] they can

Παρακαλώ [parakalo] "I ask" is another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as equivalent to “please” or “glad to be of service” in response to “thank you”.

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rule

The method of changing the verbs of the second conjugation by persons must be memorized along with the meaning of the verb itself. In modern Greek dictionaries, after the verbs of the second conjugation of the first subgroup, the letter alpha (α) is usually in parentheses, and after the verbs of the second subgroup, epsilon (ε).

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then, most likely, they are connected by the particle να.

Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.

Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία.

Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά.

I can write in Greek.

Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε.

We can write.

Ξέρουν να γράφουν.

They can write.

Verbs 1 conjugation

λέω - to speak, τρώω - to eat, eat, ακούω - to listen, κλαίω - to cry, πάω - to go conjugate as follows:

Λέω λέμε

Λες λέτε

Λέει λένε

In the last two lessons, we looked at the rules for conjugating Greek verbs. Today you can add to your dictionary 20 new verbs.

Γράφω - to write

Συνεχίζω - continue

Δουλεύω - work

Επιστρέφω - to return

Αρχίζω - to start

Τελειώνω - to finish

Μένω - to live

Ακούω - to hear, listen

Βλέπω - to see

Μιλώ - to speak

Περιμένω - to wait

Αγαπώ - to love

Απαντώ - to answer

Βοηθώ - to help

Δείχνω - show

Εκτιμώ - to value, respect

Ελπίζω - hope

Do not forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress.

Greek. Lesson 11: How to Determine the Gender of a Noun

You can guess the gender of a noun by its ending (the exception is a small number of words).

Masculine endings

The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας.

For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'antras] - a man; ο μαθητής [about masi 'tis] - student.

Feminine endings

Most often found: -η, -α.

For example, η νίκη [il'nikniki] - victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zhari] - sugar, η γυναίκα [and yn'n'eka] - woman, η ώρα [and‘ ora] - hour.

Neuter endings The most common neuter endings are: - ο, -ι.

For example, το βουνό [that vu'mno] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that psoυν‘] is bread.

Greek. Lesson 12: Declension of Nouns

The type of declension of a noun largely depends on the ending and on the stress.

When talking about masculine nouns with the ending - ης, they most often cite the declension of nouns ο φοιτητής (student) and ο εργάτης (worker) as an example.

Let's see how they lean:

ο phοιτητής (like all nouns in - ης ending on the last syllable) declines as follows:

Singular

Nominative ο φοιτητής

Genitive του φοιτητή

Accusative το (ν) φοιτητή

Vocal case - φοιτητή

Plural

Nominative οι φοιτητές

Genitive των φοιτητών

Accusative case τους φοιτητές

Vocal case - φοιτητές

ο εργάτης - worker (and nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable)

Singular

Nominative ο εργάτης

Genitive του εργάτη

Accusative τον εργάτη

Vocal case - εργάτη

Plural

Nominative οι εργάτες

Genitive των εργατών

Accusative τους εργάτες

Vocal case - εργάτες

Please note that the endings are exactly the same in both cases.

Only in conjugation of nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable in the genitive plural, the stress still falls on the last syllable.

And that's it! It's not difficult, is it?

New words and expressions:

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive

Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας

Το δέντρο – του δέντρου

το παιδί – του παιδιού

The genitive case of masculine singular nouns

The way the genitive form is formed depends on the ending of the word. That is why in the last lesson we looked in detail at the declension of masculine nouns. I recommend memorizing the nouns in the last lesson. You can use them as an example.

USEFUL WORDS

What is the weather today! Τί καιρός!

What a lovely day! Τί όμορφη ημέρα! ty omorphi imara

What awful weather! Τί απαίσιος καιρός! ti apesios keros

How cold / hot today! Κάνει τόσο κρύο / τόση ζέστη σήμερα! kan toso cryo / toshi zesti shimera

Today ... Έχει ... e'hi

sunny ήλιο ilio

cloudy συννεφιά synephia

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

Last week I explained to you the formation of the genitive case of nouns. And she planned to continue. But the topic is serious, and I decided to give it enough space next week. Today we'll talk about possessive pronouns (Let's take a break from noun conjugation!).

my / my / my μου [mu]

our / our / our μας [mas]

your / your / your σου [su]

your / your / your σας [sas]

his του [that] her της [yew]

their τους [tus] (for masculine) τις [yew] (for feminine)

Note that in Greek, possessive pronouns appear after the word being defined (which in this case is always used with the article):

my name is that onomo mu

your name is that onomo su

his name is onomo tu

her friend o Philos tis

our aunt and fia mas

your aunt and fia sas

their house then sleep party

Useful words and phrases

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is Maria. Εμπρός. Είμαι η Μαρία ... embros ime and Maria

I would like to talk to ... θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον / την ... sa isela no miliso me ton / tin

Speak louder / slower, please. Μιλάτε πιο δυνατά / πιο αργά, παρακαλώ, milate pio dinata / pio arga parakalo

Please repeat. Μπορείτε να το επαναλάβετε; borite nα to epanalavete

You dialed the wrong number. Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. ehete lasos numero

Wait a minute. Μισό λεπτό, miso lepto

Wait please. Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. parimenete parakalo

I'll call you back. θα έρθω σε επαφή. sa erso se epafi

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

The declension of a noun depends on its gender. Once we have decided on the gender (male, female or neuter), we need to think about the ending. After all, it depends on him exactly how we will persuade. And thirdly, you need to remember the exceptions to the rules. Suddenly the word refers to a list of exception words and conjugates according to its own rules. In the end, you come to the conclusion that you just need to memorize the words. And then, with practice, the use of words comes to automatism. And you no longer need to think about which form to use.

I will try to give as many examples as possible today. And if the rules are hard to learn, please learn whole phrases. It's practical. And useful.

Note that there are only four cases in Greek. Those. not everything coincides with the Russian grammar we are used to. For example, to convey the meaning of the dative case (to whom?, To what?), The initial letter of the preposition σε is added to the accusative article of the noun, for example, "Ο πατέρας λέει στο γιο του: Σίμερα δεν διαβάζεις καλά" You say badly to your son today you read ".

In Lesson 12, we looked at the declension of masculine nouns ending in –ης. Today, let's take a look at how nouns with the endings ας and o change.

Masculine nouns ending in ας

Masculine nouns ending in oς

Pay attention to the following features:

1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it remains in all cases on the last syllable;

2) If the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, then it remains in all cases on the penultimate syllable;

3) If the stress falls on the third syllable from the end, then it goes to the penultimate syllable in the genitive singular and plural and in the accusative plural.

Understood? Now about the cases. I have already mentioned that there are four cases in Greek. When there is a subject in a sentence (who? What?), Then this noun always stands in the nominative case. Any other noun that you come across in the same sentence will be genitive or accusative. Less often in vocative.
Here the vocative case presents some difficulty for us. Indeed, in Russian we do not memorize the form of addressing a person separately. When I was preparing the material for this lesson, I learned something new. For yourself and, perhaps, for you. Of course, there are philologists in our office, and my colleagues told me that the Old Russian language also had a vocative case. Remember in Pushkin's "Golden Fish" - "What do you want, older?" So much for the vocative case (compare the Greek “fillet”, “kumbare”).

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine Nouns

Such nouns are declined as follows:
1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it does not change in all cases (η καρδιά - heart, η περιοχή - area, η προσευχή - prayer, η χαρά - joy):
Nominative case:
η καρδιά - οι καρδιές
Genitive:
της καρδιάς - των καρδιών
Accusative:
τη(ν) καρδιά - τις καρδιές
Vocal case:
Καρδιά - καρδιές

2) If the stress is not on the last syllable (η χώρα - country, η λέσχη - club, η αγάπη - love, η θάλασσα - sea, η ημέρα - day, η γλώσσα - language), then in the genitive plural the stress shifts to last syllable:
Nominative case:
η χώρα - οι χώρες
Genitive:
της χώρας - των χωρών (pay attention to the stress!)
Accusative:
την χώρα - τις χώρες
Vocal case:
Χώρα - χώρες

Exceptions are some nouns ending in -α (such as η μητέρα - mother, η δασκάλα - teacher), which, despite the fact that they do not have an accent on the last syllable, do not change it in all cases:
It should also be noted that if a word ends in -ση, -ξη or -ψη (for example, η τάξη - order, η επιχείρηση - enterprise, η λάμψη - brilliance), then in the singular it will be inclined in the same way as words, ending in -η, and in the plural will have the following endings:
Nominative case:
η λάμψη - οι λάμψεις (!)
Genitive:
της λάμψης - των λάμψεων (!)
Accusative:
τη(ν) λάμψη - τις λάμψεις (!)
Vocal case:
Λάμψη - λάμψεις (!)

The plural of feminine Greek nouns is formed by adding the ending -ες:

Greek. Lesson 17: Cases of Nouns

See how they change depending on the case.

Let's go back to the topic of plural nouns again. Now we can compare the formation of the plural of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.

Cases of nouns (plural)

The plural is formed as follows.

Feminine and neuter nouns

Changes only occur with the particular article.

Masculine nouns

Note that the stress has been moved from the first (from the end) to the second syllable. There are rules governing stress transfer, but we will not go into details now. Suffice it to say that this rarely happens in words of less than three syllables.

Useful words and phrases

Cyprus landmarks

Cyprus Museum [cypriako musio] Κυπριακό Μουσείο

Municipal Theater [dimotyko teatro] Δημοττικό Θέατρο

Kykkos monastery [tu kiku monasteries] Μοναστήρι του Κύκκου

Mahera monastery [tu mahera monasteries] Μοναστήρι του Μαχαιρά

Church of st. Lazarus in Larnaca [eklisi tu agiu lazarou stas larnaca] Εκκλησία του Αγίου Λαζάρου στη Λάρνακα

Castle - fortress in Limassol [frurio sty lemeso] Φρούριο στη Λεμεσό

Municipal park with a zoo in Limassol [dimosio parko me zoological kipos lemeso]

Δημόσιο πάρκο με ζωολογικό κήπο στη Λεμεσό

Castle in Kolossi [frurio tou colosiu] Φρούριο του Κολοσσίου

Rock "Petra tou Romiu" [petra tou romiu] Πέτρα του Ρωμιού

"Baths of Aphrodite" [ta loutra thousand aphrodites] Τα Λουτρά της Αφροδίτης

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Σε - in, on
Indicates position:
Είστε στο καφενείο; Are you in a cafe? (often loses the ending -ε before the article, for example, στον κήπο, στην Αθήνα, στο δρόμο);
denotes movement towards something: Πηγαίνουμε στο θέατρο. We go to the theater.
In addition, this preposition is also used when communicating time and in this sense means "in". More often it loses the final letter and joins the article, for example, σε τις - στις or σε ένα - σ'ένα. For example, Έφτασα στις δύο. I arrived at two. Θα σε δω στις έξι. I'll see you at six.

Από - from
denotes movement from somewhere: Ήρθα από την Κέρκυρα. - I came from Corfu.
This preposition is usually followed by a noun in the accusative case, for example, "from home" από το σπίτι.

Με - from, to
Ήμουν με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice. Πήγαμε με το λεωφορείο. We went by bus.

Μαζί με - with
Ήμαστε μαζί. We were together.
Ήμουν μαζί με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice.

Χωρίς - without
Είμαι χωρίς παπούτσια. I'm without shoes.

Παρά - without
This preposition is used when communicating time and means "without". Είναι δέκα παρά πέντε It's five minutes to ten now.
It can also mean “in spite of, in spite of.” For example, Δε σε ευχαρίστησε παρά τη βοήθεια σου. “He did not thank you, despite your help. Πέθανε παρά τις προσπάθειες των γιατρων. He died despite the doctor's efforts.

Μετά - after
used in this sense if it is followed by a noun and a definite article. For example,
Μετά το θέατρο πήγαμε σε μια δισκοθήκη. After the theater we went to a disco.
Το καλοκαίρι είναι μετά την άνοιξη. Summer happens after spring.

Πριν - before
Θα φύγουμε πριν το μεσημέρη. We'll leave before noon.

Για - on
Ήρθε για δυο μέρες. He came for two days.
This preposition is usually followed by an accusative word, for example, για σένα.

Μέχρι - until, until then
Σε περίμενα μέχρι της δέκα. I waited for you until ten.
Θα σε πάρω μέχρι το σπίτι σου. I will take you to your home.

Και - and
In addition to the meaning of "and", this word is used when reporting time, meaning "after".

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

1. Good - bad
καλός – κακός

2. Handsome - ugly
όμορφος – άσχημος

3. Old - young
γέρος – νέος

4. Old - new
παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich versus poor
πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar
γνωστός – άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring
εύθυμος – ανιαρός

8. Smart is stupid
έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - Weak
δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small
μεγάλος – μικρός

We have given only the masculine form. Naturally, you will need all three forms of adjectives. In the next lesson, we will learn how to form the feminine and neuter forms and coordinate an adjective with a noun.

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives Must Change!

Adjectives ending in -ος

Masculine adjectives ending in -ος correspond to feminine adjectives ending in - η or –α and neuter adjectives ending in -ο. For example, καλός (good) - καλή - καλό, ωραίος (beautiful) - ωραία - ωραίο

If there is a consonant before the masculine adjective ending in -ος in the nominative case, then in the feminine gender such an adjective ends in - η, For example, γέρος (old) - γέρη.

If there is a vowel before the end of the masculine adjective in -ος in the nominative case, then in the feminine gender such an adjective ends in –α, For example, νέος (new) - νέα.

Adjectives that have the same endings as nouns are inflected according to the declension rules of nouns. The only difference is that for adjectives the stress always remains over the same syllable.

Good man
(Singular)

I. p. Ο καλός άνθρωπος
R. p. Του καλόυ ανθρώπου
V. p. Τον καλό άνθρωπο
Sound item - καλέ άνθρωπε

Good people
(Plural)

I. p. Οι καλοί άνθρωποι
R. p. Των καλών ανθρώπων
V. p. Τους καλούς ανθρώπους
Sv.p - καλοί άνθρωποι

Let's learn 23 more adjectives. Most of them end in -ος, so you shouldn't have any difficulties with the formation of the feminine and neuter gender. Try, for practice, to form from the masculine adjectives given below, the feminine and neuter forms.

1) Long - short
μακρύς – κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow
πλατύς, φαρδύς – στενός

3) High - low
ψηλός – χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Light - dark
βαθύς – ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap
ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - Slow
γρήγορος – αργός

7) Light - heavy
ελαφρύς – βαρύς

8) Soft - hard
μαλακός – σκληρός

9) Thick - thin
χοντρός – λεπτός

10) clean - dirty
καθαρός – βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 21: Constructing Greek Phrases

Now let's talk about pronouns in the indirect case. Την ξέρω καλά. “I know her well. Look, in Greek we said "I know her well." It is so necessary. Here are two more examples:

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I can see him.

We will continue to talk about sentences in the next lesson.

I often talk with our readers on a variety of topics. But, since my photo is usually seen on the page with lessons, they almost always recognize not the abstract head of the company, but the head of the column. And then all the conversations come down to the topic of the lessons. Almost every second interlocutor of mine regularly or irregularly, but looks at this page. And many people ask to publish Greek phrases not in Greek, but in Russian letters. I am against such a mockery of the language. But I understand perfectly those who missed our first lessons and cannot read. Or those who have no time to understand the intricacies of the rules of reading, but need to speak right now: today, tomorrow. And talk to the Cypriots. At least on the fingers.

I thought for a long time which is more important. And I came to the conclusion that, along with explanations and grammatical and lexical comments, you still need to publish simple conversational phrases written in Russian letters. Starting next week, we will start publishing a small Russian-Greek phrasebook. And to fit more, we omit the phrases in the Greek spelling. You will see a Russian phrase and how it sounds in Greek. This is, of course, easier. But I have a request for you: do not stop reading grammatical comments. After all, our ultimate goal is not a mechanical, thoughtless repetition of phrases, but the ability to speak Greek. Don't forget this!

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning to Build Sentences

For example, we want to say that the newspaper belongs to Elena:
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper

Now let's put together a small sentence. For a phrase to become a sentence, you need to add a verb. Please note that the Russian language rarely uses a linking verb. But in English and Greek, you can't do without this verb. Compare: Ειναι η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - This is Elena's newspaper. In the Russian sentence, we will not say “this is Elena's newspaper”. And in Greek, this is exactly how a simple sentence is built. Get used to it.

Well, what if we want to say: “these are Elena's newspapers”? Then you need to change the noun, putting it in the plural. Don't forget the article will change too!
Ειναι οι εφημερίδες της Ελένης - These are Elena's newspapers.

And if we are talking about a man? For example, "brother's wife".
Let's remember how masculine nouns ending in -ος change

Do you remember? So we say: η γινεκα του αδελφού.

Here are some more examples:
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Now write down a few more phrases in your dictionary (I hope you have a special notebook for new words?). Very useful in my opinion.

Useful words

This year - fatos - Φέτος
Next year - the tone of the epomeno chrono - Τον επόμενο χρόνο
Last year - to mberasmeno chrono - Toν περασμένο χρόνο
What's the date today? - are you imerominia ehume simera? - Τι ημερομηνία έχουμε σήμερα;
What's the date today? - Poses tu minos ehume simera? - Πόσες του μηνός έχουμε σήμερα;
Every other day - meta mya mayor - Μετά μια μέρα
Friday - you are Mbaraskevi - Την Παρασκευή
Saturday - to savato - Το Σάββατο
Last Tuesday - you mberasmeni triti - Την περασμένη Τρίτη
Next Thursday - tyn ali epomeni pampty - Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη
Next Saturday - that epomeno savato - Το επόμενο Σάββατο
What day? - I'm drunk the mayor? - Για ποια μέρα;
On friday - i you mbaraskevi - Για την Παρασκευή
From what time? - Apo pot? - Από πότε;
From Tuesday - apo ty ndriti - Από την Τρίτη

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: "Where are you from?"

Useful words

Weather - keros - καιρός
Temperature - thermokrasia - θερμοκρασία
Degree - vatmos - βαθμός
Heat - zesty, capsule - ζέστη, κάψα
Cold - cryo - κρύο
Sun - ilios - ήλιος
Sunrise - anatoly zisi tu iliu - ανατολή δύση του ήλιου
Star stars - aster / o (plural –a) - άστρ / ο (–α)
Moon, month - fe (n) gari, salini - φεγγάρι, σελήνη
Air - aeras - αέρας
Wind - aeras, anemos - αέρας, άνεμος
Fog - omikhli - ομίχλη
Rain - vrohi - βροχή
Snow - hyuni \u200b\u200b- χιόνι
Today ... the weather - about keros simera ine - καιρός σήμερα είναι ...
good - kalos - καλός
bad - ashimos (kakos) - άσχημος (κακός)
Today - simera kani - Σήμερα κάνει ...
Hot - zesti - ζέστη
Cold - cryo - κρύο
It's raining - vrahi - βρέχει
Today + 25 heat - shimera ehi 25 (ikoshi pende) - Σήμερα έχει 25 βαθμούς
Today + 25 heat - watmus pano apo to mizen - πάνο από το μηδέν
Tomorrow will be ... - avrio sa hume - αύριο θά’χουμε ...
Good weather - kahlo kero (kalokeria) - καλό καιρό (καλοκαιρία)
Bad weather - askhimo kero (kakokeria) - άσχημο καιρό (κακοκερία)
Yesterday all day ... - Khtes oli tin imera ... - χτες όλη την ημέρα ...
- it was raining - evrehe - έβρεχε
- it was hot - ekane zesti - έκανε ζέστη

Greek. Lesson 24: Sentences

Useful words

I / We are here for the first time. - Είναι η πρώτη μου / μας επίσκεψη. - [ine and anti mu / mas episcepsi]
I like it here - Μου αρέσει ... εδώ. - [mu oreshi ... ezo]
I like to travel. - Μου αρέσι να ταξιδεύω - [mu oresi in taxisevo]
This is ... - Είναι ... - ine
- beautiful - όμορφο - [omorpho]
- boring - βαρετό - [vareto]
- interesting - ενδιαφέρον - [endyaferon]
- romantic - ρομαντικό - [romandico]
- terrible - φοβερό - [fovero]
- bad - άσχημο - [askhimo]
I like it. - Μου αρέσει - [mu aresi]
I do not like this. - Δεν μου αρέσει - [den mu areshi]

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

1. Χθες μιλούσα στο φίλο μου. - Yesterday I spoke with my friend.

In this case, we use the past tense form. And do not forget that the word "mine" is always placed after the noun.

2.Τον ρώτησα να μου τηλεφωνήσει σήμερα γιατί θα πάμε στην Αγγλία σύντομα και πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. - I asked him to call me today because we are going to England and need to make a plan.

The word σχέδια means a plan, a schedule, and a scheme of actions. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that we put the pronouns τον and μου before the verb. I asked him to call me - that's how we speak Greek. The particle να is needed to connect two verbs: ρώτησα and τηλεφωνήσει. Without a particle, you cannot use two verbs in one sentence. θα πάμε is the form of the future tense. Remember? We substitute θα to the present tense of the verb of any group and get the simple future tense. Look, in the phrase πρέπει να κάνουμε the second verb is conjugated. We need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. You need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνετε σχέδια. They need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουν σχέδια.

Greek. Lesson 26: Sentences

Last week my wife and I were driving from Paphos to Limassol for a meeting and saw many bulbs scattered along the highway. They fell out of the truck, which stopped at the side of the road.

Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η - last week. If we want to say "last Tuesday," we use the same word περασμένη: Την περασμένη Τρίτη [tim berasmeni trita]. Do you know the word "next"? Επόμενη. This means that "next Thursday" will be Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη [tyn or epomeni pempta].

In Greek (as well as in English, by the way) you need to say "my wife and I" instead of the Russian construction "my wife and I". Moreover, "I" is usually put in last place. An article is required before the names of cities. After all, these words change according to the general rules for declension of nouns. Most of the cities are feminine: από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό - from Paphos to Limassol.

πολλά κρεμμύδια - look, the adjective must be consistent with the noun. In this case, they are neuter and plural.

Στην άκρη του δρόμου - at the edge (on the side) of the road. Στην, not στη because the noun begins with a vowel. Do not forget that the word "road" must also change. On the edge of what? - roads.

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greeting.

We continue to analyze the use of correct grammatical forms.
If there are two verbs in a sentence, then there is usually a particle ‘να’ between us. For example, "I want to write books" - θέλω να γράφω τα βιβλία. But, note that both verbs change. "We want to write books" - θέλουμε να γράφουμε τα βιβλία.

Examples:
May I come in...
Επιτρέψτε μου να βγω ... (epitrepste mu on vgo)
Let me go ...
Επιτρέψτε μου να περάσω .. (epitrepste mu on peraso)
I understand a little, but I cannot speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω (catalaveno ligo alla zen boro na miliso)
I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά. (selo na maso na milao hellenica)

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by raising intonation. Please note that, according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark: Που πηγαίνετε; Where do you go?
Where is it? Πού είναι; [poo ine]
Where are you going (going)? Πού πηγαίνετε; [pu pienate]
in Greece / in Greece στην Ελλάδα [stin Hellas]
to Cyprus στην Κυπρο [stin cypro]
from Russia από την Ρωσία [apotin Russia]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [poo]
here (here) εδώ (ως εδώ) [ezo] (os ezo ’)
there (there) εκεί (ως εκεί) [eki] (os eki)
next to the bank κοντά στην τράπεζα [kondustin trapeza]
left / right στα αριστερά / δεξιά [one hundred aristera / dexya]
inside μέσα [mes]
opposite απέναντι [apanandi]
in the hotel (in the hotel) στο ξενοδοχείο [one hundred xenodohio]

When? Πότε; [sweat]
today σήμερα [simera]
tomorrow αύριο [avrio]
yesterday χτές [хтэс]
now τώρα [torus]
then Μετά [meta]
soon σύντομα [sindoma]
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [sweat]
often συχνά [syna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after dinner μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimariano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis ephta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά [prin apo zek lepta]
daily καθημερινά [kasimerina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase eudomase]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

like Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [feces]
bad άσχημα [askhima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quietly σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [gregor]
slowly αργά [arga]

Continuation

Today you will learn how to correctly explain the road and how to find out where the place you need is.
Είναι ... This is ...
ευθεία straight
στα αριστερά left
στα δεξιά to the right
από την άλλη μεριά του δρόμου
on the other side of the street
στη γωνία at the corner
στη γωνία λίγο πιο κάτω around the corner
απέναντι ... / πίσω .. opposite / behind ...
δίπλα στο / στη / μετά next to / after
Πάρτε ... Follow ...
Περάστε ... Pass (cross) ...
την πλατεία area
Στρίψτε αριστερά ... Turn left ...
μετά τα πρώτα φώτα after the first traffic light
By car Με το αυτοκίνητο
Είναι ... από εδώ. This is to ... from here.
Πάρτε το δρόμο για ... Take the road to ...
Είστε σε λάθος δρόμο. You are on the wrong road.
Πρέπει να πάτε πίσω στο ... you will have to return to ...
It is far? Πόσο απέχει;
Είναι ... This is ...
Κοντά / όχι πολύ μακριά / close / not very far /
μακριά far away
δέκα λεπτά με το αυτοκίνητο 10 minutes by car

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the Questions Topic

We continue the topic "Questions".

We answer the question "when?"
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [sweat]
often συχνά [syna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after dinner μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimariano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis ephta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά [prin apo zek lepta]
daily καθημερινά [kasimerina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase eudomase]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

like Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [feces]
bad άσχημα [askhima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quietly σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [gregor]
slowly αργά [arga]

What is it?
We have to ask this question quite often. Τι είναι; \u003d What is this?
Είναι is a form of the verb "to be". If we were to translate literally, it would be "what is?" If we add the word "this" (Αυτό), then we get the translation of our question: Τι είναι αυτό;
We answer: Είναι ρολόι. \u003d This is a watch.
And if the word "this" is put in the first place in the sentence, the meaning will change slightly.
Αυτό, τι είναι; \u003d And what is this? Και αυτό είναι ρολόι. \u003d And this is a watch.
By the way, did you know that if a word begins with a vowel, then the word και will turn into κι? For example, Κι εγώ ευχαριστώ. \u003d And I thank you.
Finally, I will give a few examples:
Αυτό είναι κλειδί. \u003d This is the key
Αυτό είναι κλειδί και (κι) εκείνο είναι ρολόι. \u003d This is the key, but this is the clock.
Τι είναι; - Είναι βάζο. \u003d What is this? - This is a vase

Continuation

Today we are studying words related to the topic "town".
αεροδρόμιο - airfield - airport
αστυνομικό τμήμα - astinomiko tmima - police station
διαδρομή λεωφορείων - dyazromi leophorion - bus route
εκκλησία - eclisia - church
θέατρο –theatro - theater
πάρκο - parko - park
στάση λεωφορείων - stasi leophorion - bus stop
ταχυδρομείο - tachydromio - mail

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Impressions Εντυπώσειο
This is ... Είναι ... ine
deliciously καταπληκτικό catapliktico
beautifully όμορφο omorpho
interesting ενδιαφέρον endyaferon
I like it. Μου αρέσει, mu aresi
I do not like. Δεν μου αρέσει, den mu areshi

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative Sentences

Last week we asked the question "what is this?" and learned to answer "this ..". And today we will build negative proposals.
Είναι βιβλίο. - This is a book.
Δεν είναι βιβλίο. - This is not a book.
Δεν είναι μολύβι, είναι κλειδί. - It's not a pencil, it's a key.
Δεν είναι ρολόι, είναι κουτί. - It's not a watch, it's a box.
Εκείνο είναι τραπέζι, δεν είναι ερμάρι. - This is a table, this is not a wardrobe.
Αυτό δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο. - This is not a magazine, this is a book.
Clear?

Continuation

This week we'll be talking about entertainment. Pay attention to the phrase θα ήθελα - I would like to. This is the form of the verb θέλω - to want. When you use θα ήθελα, you are speaking in the subjunctive mood. By the way, in the phrasebook the word “entertainment” is translated as Έξοδος - exit. Well, "go out to people"?

Entertainment - Έξοδος
What are your (you) plans for ...? Ποια είναι τα σχέδια σου (σας) για ...; Pya ine ta shezya su (sas) ya
... today σήμερα simera
... evening απόψε apopse
... tomorrow is αύριο avrio
Are you free tonight? Είστε ελεύθερος / -η απόψε; iste zlefseros / -i apopse
Where would you like (would you like) to go? Πού θα ήθελες (θα θέλατε) να πάμε; pu sa isles (sa salate] na pame
I would like to go to ... θα ήθελα να πάω ... withα isela on πаο
I would like to see ... θα ήθελα να δώ ... sa isela on the zo
Do you like...? Σου αρέσει ...; su aresi

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and Denial. Time designation.

Question and denial. Time designation.

To say no, we use the word όχι. Cypriots sometimes say "oh" - this is a truncated version, equivalent to our "not", which in colloquial speech replaces the usual word "no". Look closely at the Cypriot saying "oh". He nods his head. He just nods up somehow. We make a similar gesture by asking "what?" And in Cyprus, such a gesture means no. Sometimes your interlocutor goes without words. Understand it correctly.
In order to make an interrogative from a declarative sentence, you just need to raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Don't forget that instead of the traditional question mark, there will be a semicolon at the end of the sentence.
Examples of interrogative and negative sentences:
What is it? Τι είναι αυτό;
This is a pencil. Είναι μολύβι
Is this a magazine? - Είναι περιοδικό εκείνο;
Not. This is not a magazine, this is a book. - Όχι, δεν είναι. Δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο.
The words αυτό and εκείνο can be at the beginning, at the end, and in the middle of a sentence. Unlike English, where word order is clearly defined, Greek (like Russian!) Allows you to freely rearrange words in a sentence.

Now let's repeat the numbers that we already know and learn to say what time it is.
Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννιά, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.
Είναι πέντε τώρα. - It's five o'clock.
You also need the preposition σε (σ ’) and one of the feminine forms of the article \u003d στις to denote time.
Στις 6 (η ώρα) το πρωί - at 6 (hours) in the morning
Στις 2 (η ώρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (hours) in the afternoon
Στις 7 (η ώρα) το βράδυ - at 7 pm

Continuation

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is ... - Εμπρός. Είμαι ο / η ... - embros. IME o / i
I would like to talk to ... - θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον / την ... - sa isela na miliso me ton / tin
Speak ... - Μιλάτε ... - milate
louder - πιο δυνατά - pio dinata
slower, please - πιο αργά, παρακαλώ - pio arga parakalo
Please repeat. - Μπορείτε να then επαναλάβετε; - borite on that epanalavete
Sorry, he / she is not. - Λυπάμαι, αλλά δεν είναι εδώ. - lipame ala den ine ezo
You dialed the wrong number. - Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. - ehete lasos numero
Wait a minute. - Μισό λεπτό. - miso lepto
Wait please. - Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. - perimenete parakalo
When will he / she be? - Πότε θα επιστρέψει; - pote sa epistrapsy
Could you tell him / her that I called? - Μπορείτε να του / της πείτε ότι πήρα τηλέφωνο; - borite na tu / tis - pite oty pira tilefono
My name is ... - Λέγομαι ... - legome
Ask him / her to call me. - Μπορείτε να τον / την ζητήσετε να με πάρει τηλέφωνο; -
borite no ton / tin zichisete na me pari tilefono
Can I leave a note? - Μπορώ να αφήσω ένα μήνυμα, παρακαλώ; - borough on afiso ena minima parakalo

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and the invitation

Continuation

Invitation

Won't you dine (you wont dine) with us at ...?
θέλεις (θέλετε) να έρθεις (έρθετε) για βράδυνα στις ...; [se’lis (selete) na ersis (zrsete) yya vradina stis]
I would like to invite you (you) to dinner.
θα ήθελα να σε (σας) καλέσω για μεσημεριανό. [sa isela na se (sas) kaleso ya mesimeryano]
Shall we have a drink tonight?
Μπορείς να έρθεις (μπορείτε να έρθετε) για ένα ποτό απόψε;
(Boris na ersis (borte na ersete) yya ena poto apopse]
We're throwing a party. Can you join?
Κάνουμε ένα πάρτι. Μπορείς να έρθεις; [kanume ena party. Boris for ersis]
Can I join you?
Να έρθουμε μαζί σας; [on ersume ointment sas]
Do you want (want) to join?
θέλεις να έρθεις (θέλετε να έρθετε) μαζί μας; [salis na ersis (selete na ersete) ointments mas]

Greek. Lesson 33: Article and Shops

Article

The article helps us determine what kind of word. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine and neuter. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of a noun.
Articles are subdivided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined "A dog was running along the street" - it is not known which dog we are talking about (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when it comes to an already definite subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is she who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article (singular)
Masculine gender - ένας, feminine gender - μία, neuter gender - ένα
For example, ένας φοιτητής (student), μία αδερφή (sister), ένα μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Definite article (singular)
The masculine article is ο, the feminine article is η, and the middle article is το.
For example, ο φοιτητής, η αδερφή, το μπαλκόνι.

Continuation

Stores (Καταστήματα)

Where...? - Πού είναι ...; [poo ine]
Where is the nearest ...? Πού είναι το κοντινότερο ...; [pu ine to kondinotero]
Where is the good ...? Πού υπάρχει ένα καλό ...; [poo iparchi ena kahlo]
It is far from here? Είναι μακριά από εδώ; [ine makria apo ezo]
How to get there? Πώς να πάω εκεί; [pos na pao eki]
antique shop to κατάστημα με αντίκες [to katastima me andikes]
bakery to αρτοποιείο [to orthopio]
bank η τράπεζα [and trapeza]
hairdresser то κουρείο [to curio]
bookstore то βιβλιοπωλείο [to vivliopolio]
a butcher's to κρεοπωλείο [that kreopolio]
clothing store to κατάστημα ρούχων [to katastima ruhon]
pharmacy τо φαρμακείο [that pharmacio]
flower shop to ανθοπωλείο [to ansopolio]
jewelry store το κοσμηματοπωλείο [that cosmimatopolio]
kiosk to περίπτερο [to pariptero]
η αγορά market [and agora]

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstrative Pronouns and Services

Demonstrative pronouns

The gender of a noun can be determined by its ending. You already know that Greek nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter.

Masculine endings The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας. For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'andras] - a man; ο μαθητής [about masi 'tis] - student.

Feminine endings Most often occur: -η, -α. For example, η νίκη [il'nikniki] - victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zakhari] - sugar, η γυναίκα [and yn'n'eka] - woman, η ώρα [and‘ ora] - hour.

Neuter endings The most common neuter endings are: - ο, -ι. For example, το βουνό [that vu'mno] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that psoυν‘] is bread.

But the article (see the last lesson) is a more reliable means of determining gender, since several nouns do not obey the above basic rules.

Continuation

Services Υπηρεσίες

clinic - η κλινική - [and clinics]
dentist - about οδοντίατρος - [about odondyatros]
doctor - about γιατρός - [about yatros]
dry cleaning - το καθαριστήριο - [then kaforistirio]
hospital - that νοσοκομείο - [that nosokomio]
library - η βιβλιοθήκη - [and vivliosiki]
optics - about οπτικός - [about optikos]
police station - that αστυνομικό τμήμα - [that astinomiko tmima]
mail - το ταχυδρομείο - [that tachizromio]
travel agency - το ταξιδιωτικό γραφείο - [toxidiotiko grafio]

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Completion and Maintenance

Noun ending

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession, belonging.
For example, το αυτοκίνητο του Γιώργου - George's car.
It is very easy to explain the formation of the genitive case, so in today's lesson everything will be clear the first time. So…
Genitive of feminine singular nouns
A noun is simply added - ς at the end of a word
Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
Genitive nouns of the neuter singular
The ending is –ου. So, if the word ends in -ο, we just add -υ.
Το δέντρο – του δέντρου
If the word ends in -ι like το παιδί, we add -ου.
το παιδί – του παιδιού
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Continuation

Service Εξυπηρέτηση

Can you help me? - Μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε; - [borite na me voisisete]
I'm looking for ... - Ψάχνω για ... - [psakhno yya]
I'm just watching. - Απλώς κοιτάω - [aplos kitao]
Now it's my turn. - Είναι η σειρά μου - [ine to sira mu]
You have...? - Έχετε καθόλου ...; - [ehete kafolu]
I would like to buy ... - θα ήθελα να αγοράσω ... -
Could you show me ...? - Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε ...; - [borite na mu ziksete]
How much does this / that cost? - Πόσο κάνει αυτό / εκείνο; - [poso kani αftό / ekino]
Nothing more, thank you. - Τίποτε άλλο. Ευχαριστώ. - [tipote alo efkharisto]

Greek. Lesson 36: Talking About Verbs and Choice

Let's talk about verbs

Today we are starting to study one of the most difficult sections of the grammar of the Greek language - the section "verbs". First, we will study the conjugation of verbs in the present tense - it is not difficult. A little cramming, daily repetition of the passed and in a month you will know the conjugation of the most used verbs. I only select these for you. A little later we will begin to study the times. Let's start with an important verb, the verb to have. In Russian we say “I have”, and in Greek instead of three words we use one: έχω.
verb έχω (to have)
The main form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, like έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [village] "I want", and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, like αγαπώ [agapo] "I love".
The verb έχω is typical of the first category. In the present tense and the active voice, it conjugates like this:
έχω - [‘echo] - I have
έχεις - [‘ehis] - you have
έχει - [‘ehi] - ononono has
έχουμε - [‘ehume] - we have
έχετε - [‘ehete] - you have
έχουν - [‘ehun] - they have
Please note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not "I have", but simply "I have", "I have". This is the peculiarity of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates the person in question. If ω, then it means "I have", if ουν, then "they have."

Continuation

Choice Προτίμηση

I want something ... - θέλω κάτι ... - selo kati
It should be ... - Πρέπει να είναι ... - pre'pi na ine
large / small - μεγάλο / μικρό - megalo / micro
cheap / expensive - φτηνό / ακριβό - phtino / acrivo
light / heavy - ελαφρύ / βαρύ - elafri / vari
dark / light - σκούρο / ανοιχτό - skuro / anihto
oval / round / square - οβάλ / στρογγυλό / τετράγωνο - oval / strongylo / tetragono
I would not want anything too expensive - Δε θέλω κάτι πολύ ακριβό - ze selo kati poly acrivo

Greek. Lesson 37: The Verb “to Be” and Choice

Use:
Είμαι απο τη Ρωσία. - I'm from Russia.
Είμαστε απο την Κύπρο. - We are from Cyprus.
This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say "was", "was", "was", "were".
Compare the forms of the present and the past.
Είμαι ήμουν
Είσαι ήσουν
Είναι ήταν
Είμαστε ήμαστε
Είσαστε/είστε ήσαστε
Είναι ήταν

New words and phrases (feel free to use them often!)

I want - Θέλω (selo)
I have - Έχω (echo)
I don't understand you - Δε σας καταλαβαίνω (de sas catalaveno)
I do not speak Greek - Δε μιλώ ελληνικά (de milo elinika)
I am learning Greek - Μαθαίνω ελληνικά (maseno elinika)
Please ... - Παρακαλώ ... (parakalo)
Give ... - δώστε ... (do)
Wait ... - περιμένετε ... (perimenete)
Show me ... - δείξτε ... (dikste)
Close (turn off) ... - κλείστε ... (kliste)
Open (turn on) ... - ανοίξτε ... (anixte)
Call ... - φωνάξτε ... (fonakstae)
Call (invite) - καλέστε ... (kalesta)
Repeat ... - επαναλάβετε ... (epanalavete)
Call ... - τηλεφωνήστε ... (tilefoniste)
Allow .. - Επιτρέψτε μου ... (epitrepste mu)
To come in.. -. να μπω (on bo)
Exit ... - να βγω ... (on vgo)
Pass ... - να περάσω ... (to peraso)

Continuation

Choosing Προτίμηση (beginning in the last lesson)

Which (Which) ... do you want? - Τί ... θα θέλατε; χρώμα / σχήμα colors / shapes
ποιότητα / ποσότητα quality / quantity
What type do you want? - Τί είδος θα θέλατε;
How much money do you have? - Περίπου σε τι τιμή σκεφτόσαστε;
Do you have anything ...? - Έχετε κάτι ...; ekhete kati
more - μεγαλύτερο magalitero
the best quality - καλύτερης ποιότητας kalitaris piotitas
cheaper - φτηνότερο fsinotero
less - μικρότερο microtero
Will you show me this / that ...? - Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε εκείνο / αυτό ...; borite no mu diksete ekino / afto
these / te - αυτά / εκείνα afta / ekina
what is in the showcase - αυτό στη βιτρίνα aftsty showcase
others - μερικά άλλα maryk ala

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

I still wrote the forms of personal pronouns for you. In brackets is what corresponds to our selves, you. He she…. And next to it is written what is most useful to you - the accusative case. You will have to use these pronouns quite often.

Monosyllabic personal pronouns have the following accusative forms:

(εγώ) - με - Me (εμείς) - μας - us
(εσύ) - σε - You (εσείς) - σας - You
(αυτός) - τον - His (αυτοί) - τους - their
(αυτή) - την - Her (αυτές) - τις - their

Monosyllabic personal pronouns in a sentence are placed directly before the verb, for example:
Την ξέρω καλά. “I know her well.
Σας παρακαλώ - I ask you.
Τον βλέπω. - I see him.

Greek. Lesson 39: Verbs of First Conjugation

1) Verbs I conjugation. Are stressed on the penultimate syllable: μαθαίνω, διαβάζω

2) Verbs II conjugation. Are stressed on the last syllable: αγαπώ, μπορώ

The verbs of the first conjugation change by person in the present tense as follows:
1 person
(Εγώ) γράφω - I write (Εμείς) γράφουμε - we write
2 person
(Εσύ) γράφεις - you write (Εσείς) γράφετε - you write
3rd person
(Αυτός / αυτή) γράφει - he / she writes (Αυτοί / αυτές) γράφουν - they write
Note: Pronouns are in parentheses as they are omitted in colloquial speech.

Greek. Lesson 40: Verbs of the second conjugation

In the previous lesson, we looked at the category of verbs that are stressed on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category of verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated like the verb αγαπώ "I love".
Remember that in Greek the present tense describes both the actions that are taking place in the moment and the repetitive actions, for example, "I drink coffee now" (continued), "I drink coffee every morning" (simple). Both of these actions in Greek are expressed by the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

The verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number
αγαπώ - [ayapo] - I love
αγαπάς - [ayapas] - you love
αγαπά - [ayapa] - he loves it

Multiple number
αγαπούμε - [ayapume] - we love
αγαπάτε - [ayapate] - you love
αγαπόυν - [ayapun] - they love
The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

The verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have different endings when conjugated. One example is the μπορώ (boro) verb I can.
Unit number
μπορώ - [boro] - I can
μπορείς - [boris] - you can
μπορεί - [bori] - ononaono can

Multiple number
μπορούμε - [borume] - we can
μπορείτε - [beat] - you can
μπορούν - [borun] - they can

παρακαλώ - [parakalo] - "I ask" is another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as equivalent to "please" or "glad to be of service" in response to "thank you".
Unfortunately, there is no easy way to distinguish which of the verbs in this category ending in ώ is conjugated as αγαπώ and which as μπορώ. You will gradually remember them.

Greek. Lesson 41: Conjugating Verbs (continued)

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then, most likely, they are connected by the particle να. Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.
Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία. - I want to read good books.
Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά. - I can write in Greek.

If a person or number changes, then the change occurs in both verbs:
Θέλεις να διαβάζεις. - You want to read.
Θέλει να διαβάζει. - He wants to read.
Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε. - We can write.
Ξέρουν να γράφουν. - They can write.

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Λέω – λέμε
Λες – λέτε
Λέει – λένε

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