The development of Siberia in the Soviet era. Presentation for the lesson "economic development of Siberia" presentation for a lesson in geography on the topic Management of Siberia in the 19th century presentation

Economic development of Siberia

The accession of Siberia to the Russian state began with the campaign of Yermak in 1581. The foundation of the first Russian cities in Siberia - Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Obdorsk, modern Salekhard (1595), etc. d.

At the confluence of the Tobol River with the Irtysh, Tobolsk was founded, which seems invisible against the background of modern giant cities, but this city was the first capital of Siberia, its administrative and church center in the 17th-18th centuries. Tobolsk was also the largest cultural and educational center of Siberia: in 1703, the first Slavic-Russian school in Siberia was opened here, then a theater was founded, the first Siberian magazine was published, etc.

Tobolsk is one of the very few cities in the world that have preserved the silhouette of the 17th-18th centuries in their appearance. The city is dominated by the Kremlin, built in the early 18th century. designed by S. U. Remezov - an architect, artist, historian, writer and geographer, an outstanding Siberian educator.

In the 17th century The main commodity exported from Siberia was furs. And the main center of the fur trade was the "gold-boiling Mangazeya".

The next stage in the development of Siberia (XVIII-XIX centuries) is associated with the movement of the main "lines of penetration" to the south, to the steppe zone, where fortresses are being built to protect Russian settlers from the warlike steppe peoples.

In the foothills of Altai (Barnaul) and in Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk) at the beginning of the 18th century. a new direction of economic activity is developing - the extraction of silver ores and the smelting of silver; from Siberia, Russia receives all the silver (and at that time it was the silver coin that was the basis of the country's monetary system). Begins, still on a small scale, and the peasant settlement of the steppe regions. Later, gold deposits are discovered in Eastern Siberia; from here Russia receives by the end of the 19th century. 70% of all gold.

Irkutsk arose in the 17th century. (the status of the city received in 1686); from the end of the 18th century - the center of the province, and from the beginning of the XIX century. - East Siberian General Government (which then extended to the Pacific Ocean). Irkutsk has traditionally been considered the "cultural capital" of Siberia; this was greatly facilitated by the exiled Decembrists, who did a lot for the study of Siberia and for the development of enlightenment in it. The industrial growth of the city begins in the 20th century. Irkutsk is one of the few cities in Siberia that has a developed urban agglomeration around it, which has developed along the Trans-Siberian Railway (the cities of Shelikhov, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Angarsk).

The Trans-Siberian Railway, which began to be built in 1891 from Chelyabinsk (and later from Vladivostok), greatly facilitated the resettlement of people (by 1914 more than 2 million people moved to Siberia), contributed to the agricultural development of the territory and made it profitable to export grain and butter, which was produced here in abundance.

The sights of Novosibirsk were created in the 20th century. These are industrial enterprises, scientific and design organizations, theaters and museums. Novosibirsk is the largest scientific center in Asian Russia; here back in the 1950s. Academgorodok, famous for its world-class scientific achievements, was built - the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Krasnoyarsk, founded in 1628 as a fortress Krasny Yar on the high, right bank of the Yenisei, began to develop as an industrial center after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, but especially during the Great Patriotic War, when dozens of factories were evacuated here. In the 1960s 40 km upstream from the city on the Yenisei, the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station was built, as a result of which the ecological situation in the city worsened: water falling from a great height does not freeze even in the coldest winters, and fog swirls over the non-freezing river, which mixes with emissions from factories (aluminum, synthetic rubber and many others), which dramatically worsens air quality in calm weather. To the south-west of the city, in the spurs of the Eastern Sayan, there is the famous Stolby nature reserve with 100-meter cliffs of bizarre shapes.

After the war, the development of industries new to Siberia began: electric hydropower on the Angara and Yenisei, aluminum smelting based on this cheap energy, copper and nickel smelting in Norilsk, the pulp and paper industry and, of course, oil and gas production in the north of Western Siberia. The military-industrial complex is becoming even more ramified; there are several "closed cities" associated mainly with the nuclear industry.

The collapse of the USSR was marked by a sharp decline in the military-industrial complex and in many civilian industries; problems arose in relations with Kazakhstan, through which several railways pass, connecting Siberia with the Urals. At the Kazakh coal of the Ekibastuz deposit, the state district power plants of the South Urals operated, and the Ekibastuz state district power plants supplied the cities of southern Siberia with electricity. The rupture of many industrial ties, of course, had a negative impact on the economy of the region and the entire country. The Trans-Siberian Railway (in the section Chelyabinsk - Omsk) passes through the Kazakh city of Petropavlovsk, South Siberian (Novokuznetsk - Barnaul - Pavlodar - Astana - Magnitogorsk) and Central Siberian (Kamen-on-Obi - Kokchetav - Kustavay - Chelyabinsk) highways mainly pass through the territory Kazakhstan.

Under the new conditions, the role of Siberia as Russia's main source of foreign exchange earnings increased even more. In the 1990s the share of imports in meeting the needs of the Russian population with both food and consumer goods has increased. And the main source of currency remained the export of oil and gas; they were joined by the export of aluminum and nickel from Siberia, the consumption of which within the country has sharply decreased (now up to 90% of produced nickel and aluminum is exported).

At each stage, Siberia acted as a supplier of raw materials and a source of currency for Russia. At first it was furs, then silver and gold, oil and grain, coal and steel, and in our time - wood and cellulose, oil and gas, aluminum and nickel. Moreover, some of these resources have already been largely exhausted: furs, silver, gold, timber and oil have become much less. Therefore, the further development of Siberia only as a "raw material appendage" of the country is fraught with the exhaustion of even seemingly huge resources.

During the classes

Introductory speech of the TEACHER.

Man and travel: They have long stood side by side. What makes a person, both in ancient times and in our days, forgetting about the dangers, go out to the open sea, go along unknown paths, climb high into the skies? Maybe a person was driven and driven by a craving for knowledge? Or maybe just romance?

Which of us, looking at a map, does not remember the labors and exploits of many, many seafarers and travelers, people from different countries and eras, famous and nameless? These are Remizov, Dezhnev, Atlasov, Poyarkov, Khabarov, etc.

So, our today's non-traditional lesson is a travel club, but the club is not quite ordinary, because. we have the opportunity to host scientists and writers, and we ourselves will participate in the work of the club.

Let's start the club meeting.

Sounds musical intro to the television program "In the world of animals."

The theme of our meeting of the club: "Peoples of Siberia of the 15th century".

Students write in a notebook.

Goals: today the travel club proposes to consider the following questions and try to answer them:

What political and economic goals did the tsarist government pursue when developing Siberia?
We will learn how the life of the local population has changed after the development of Siberian lands by the Russian people.

(Questions are written on the board)

TEACHER. Specialist scientists and a writer are present at the meeting of our club and will help to understand all the issues. They will accompany us during our travels.

They introduce themselves sitting at the table: historians, geographer, archaeologist, ethnographer, writer, broadcaster (there is a sign in front of each).

Each student receives an outline map of Siberia and a crossword puzzle. In the course of the lesson-travel, fill them.

Student motivation.

TEACHER: We live in Western Siberia. The fate of your parents, your fate, perhaps the fate of your children is connected with this region. But not everyone knows: where did the name "Siberia" come from?

HISTORIAN 1. Geographical names on the map are not always clear. What does the name of the vast region - "Siberia" mean?

Much has been said about its origin. At present, two opinions, two points of view, are most common. Some scientists deduce the word "Siberia" from the Mongolian "shibir" ("forest thicket"). Others associate the word "Siberia" with the name of the "Sabirs" - a people, possibly inhabiting the forest-steppe region of the Irtysh. Be that as it may, but the spread of the name "Siberia" to the entire territory of North Asia was associated with the advance of Russian discoverers beyond the Urals. With a sense of pride in the accomplishment of our ancestors, we find on the map the names of Russian explorers, expedition members, and brave people.

From century to century, from century to century
There was a strong Russian man
To the Far North and East
Fearless, like a stream.

TEACHER: Before we move on to a new topic, guys, answer the question:

In what year did the city of Surgut appear?
Which king signed the decree establishing the city of Surgut?
Who led the military expedition against Khan Kuchum?

Slide 3: Painting by V. Surikov "Conquest of Siberia by Yermak"

TEACHER: When the Russians expelled Kuchum, the way to the East was opened. Now let's watch a short excerpt from the educational film "The History of Geographical Discoveries" and see how the development of new lands in Siberia in the 15th century begins.

An excerpt from the educational film: "History of geographical discoveries".

TEACHER:

Who made the first map of Siberia?
What was of value to the local peoples?
What was the decree of B. Godunov in 1600?
What was the name of the first city in Siberia?

Students answer.

TEACHER:

Once again, we turn to the experts for help. Dear scientists! Help us figure out what peoples inhabited Siberia?

What were their customs and traditions?
At what stage of development were they?

HISTORIAN 2. When did the great movement of the people to the Urals and beyond it, to the vast expanses of Siberia, the Far East and Alaska, begin? Where and who was the first to go towards the sun?

Although scientists have accumulated a lot of information about this movement, science cannot yet give exact answers to the questions posed.

GEOGRAPHER. Yes, indeed, by the 16th century, Western Europe had already learned a lot about Africa, established trade relations with India and China, but the Northeast of Asia was shrouded in mystery, although it attracted with its unprecedented riches. British attempts to reach Siberia by sea were unsuccessful. None of the Western European navigators even reached the mouth of the Ob River.

TEACHER: What attracted travelers?

HISTORIAN 2. It seems to me that there were at least two reasons for this. One is romantic, which makes a person, in spite of everything, go ahead and discover the unknown, but the second is more prosaic. After all, then they said that behind the "Stone" (as the Ural Mountains were called) lay an immense land - go at least two years and you will not reach the end. In this land there were untold riches: a lot of fur-bearing animals, fish, and in the Arctic Ocean - unprecedented marine animals. Sable and arctic fox skins and walrus tusks - "fish tooth" were especially highly valued. At that time, only rich and noble people could afford to have sable coats, and the handles of daggers and sabers, decorations for the royal palace, were made from the precious walrus tusk.

Slide 4: CHUM

An Englishman, William Walker, spoke about the difficulties of the journey to the East, about the deserted shores of the North Seas. People live among the snows not in houses, but in tents - dwellings made of reindeer skins resembling a yurt (a picture of a tent is shown). The Englishman also spoke about people dressed in skins, worshiping idols. He concludes that the peoples of the North lead a strange and wild way of life. In the summer they swim on special boats - kochs. He ends his story with the fact that the people living there themselves look like animals, "but they attract everyone with the wealth of sables."

Slide 5:. K o h.

TEACHER:

Let's listen again and see what goals the tsarist government pursued by sending expeditions to the east?

An excerpt from the educational film: "History of the Great Geographical Discoveries"

TEACHER:

What economic goals did the tsarist government pursue in Siberia?
What was the main value then?
Has Norilsk lost its economic importance these days?

STUDENTS respond

HISTORIAN 1. In parallel with the task of developing Siberia, the tsarist government tried to solve another one - to get rid of all kinds of restless, politically unreliable people, at least to remove them from the center of the state. In order to secure the Central regions of Russia, the government began to exile criminals, participants in popular uprisings, to Siberian cities.

Lecturer: But what were the peoples of the North in the distant 15th century in reality? century? What peoples lived in Siberia?

It's time to turn to the ethnographer.

Slide 6: Map of Siberia

ETHNOGRAPHER. First of all, we will find out which peoples lived and where. Let's look at the map:

The Khanty lived along the banks of the Ob River and its tributaries (students mark the places of residence of these peoples on the contour map).

Mansi lived on the wooded slopes of the Urals.

The Nenets, Enets and other nationalities lived in the northern tundra.

The Tungus lived along the banks of the Yenisei and to the east of the Sea of Okhotsk.

The Yakuts lived in the middle reaches of the Lena.

Near the Angara and Baikal there was an area of the population of the Buryats.

Daurs were robbed in Primorye.

Kamchadals lived in Kamchatka.

Thus, we have a good idea of who and where lived in the 17th century.

So, in the 15th century, a very small population lived on a vast territory, approximately 13 million square kilometers - less than 300 thousand people.

Slides 7, 8, 910,11, 13: Reindeer teams, Samoyeds, natives in winter, natives in summer, etc.

It was possible to drive several thousand kilometers on a reindeer team without meeting a single village. The peoples we have just learned about lived in small groups of 100 to 1000 people.

Look at the drawings showing their occupations: hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, reindeer herders and hunters led a nomadic lifestyle.

Slide 12: Fishermen, hunters, etc.

They were pagans, i.e. believed in many gods. They considered the spirits of the air and the earth as their patrons, as well as their ancestors, with whom it was possible to communicate through shamans - smart people who enjoy great authority among the peoples of Siberia.

slide 14: shaman

Shamans were well aware of herbs for all diseases, they had knowledge of psychology. To the sounds of a tambourine, they acted out scenes of communication with spirits. Shamans, charging a fee for their services, were quite rich people and helped the emerging nobility to keep the rest of the clan and tribe in obedience.

HISTORIAN 1. Let me introduce you in more detail to the peoples of Siberia and the Far East, whom the Russian settlers met, the Nenets at that time were called "Samoyeds". Once upon a time, the word "Samoyeds" was mistakenly associated with cannibalism. Currently, there are several scientific explanations for the origin of this word. "Saemne", i.e. "Land of the Saami". "Samoyeds" roamed from the Mezen River in the West to Khatanga in the East. Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) lived in the middle Urals. They were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. In Eastern Siberia, only 30 thousand Evenks and Evens occupied a vast territory. Along the middle reaches of the Lena, among the taiga, lived the Yakuts - a Turkic-speaking people who were engaged in breeding horses and cattle. The Chukchi lived on the Chukchi Peninsula, living by nomadic reindeer herding and fishing for walruses, seals and whales. Sea fishing was the main occupation of the Eskimos. About 12 thousand Kamchadals lived in Kamchatka. Their main food was fish. There were Buryats in the south of Eastern Siberia. They were engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. On the Amur, the Daurs were engaged in agriculture and gardening.

Lecturer: It turns out that there was no unity among the peoples of Siberia by the 17th century?

ARCHAEOLOGIST. Yes, archaeological data confirm the conclusion that among many peoples the primitive communal system was decomposing and inequality was emerging.

So, among the Khanty and Mansi, i.e. where we live now, when Yermak came here with his people, there were already noble people, "princes". They owned places for hunting, fishing, their fellow tribesmen brought gifts to them. The Buryats and Yakuts were on their way to becoming a class society. But in the far north-east of Siberia, beyond the impenetrable taiga, in the permafrost zone, completely isolated peoples lived on the lower levels of the primitive tribal system. The Chukchi and Kamchadals did not know iron and made stone tools.

Of course, the isolated, small peoples of Siberia lagged far behind the Russian people in their development. But they were exceptionally hardy, industrious, knew nature very well. They were all very responsive and honest. It was with such people that Russian discoverers had to get acquainted in the 17th century.

TEACHER: Yes, perhaps they can rightfully be called heroes, the first explorers and sailors. Listen to the opinion of a native Siberian, the famous writer V. G. Rasputin.

Writer Rasputin V.G.

Mind is not comprehensible! Without roads, moving only along rivers, dragging plows and heavy loads from water to water, wintering in anticipation of ice drift in hastily cut huts in unfamiliar places and among a hostile indigenous nomad, suffering from cold, hunger, disease and midges, losing with each moving comrades and forces, using not maps and reliable information, but rumors, not knowing what awaits them tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, they went on and on, farther and farther east.

Soon, the tsarist government began to resettle criminals, participants in peasant uprisings and politically unreliable people here, who, as a rule, were educated people.

It was after them that winter huts on the rivers, and prisons, and drawings, and the experience of communicating with the natives, and arable land, and salt pans - everything was for them for the first time. And now, when we without hesitation call every step and every deed of the Siberian builders and conquerors a feat, it would not be out of place for us to remember and imagine a little how our ancestors got the initial steps and deeds: There is not enough imagination to realize their exhausting feat.

TEACHER: Guys, tell me, what political goals did the tsarist government solve by resettling people in Siberia?

STUDENTS respond.

TEACHER: However, speaking of the discoverers - heroes, we do not forget that this land was not wild, we have already been told about the peoples who inhabited Siberia in the 15th century. How did the arrival of Russian people here affect their lives? Positively? Negative? I propose to answer this rather difficult question.

ETHNOGRAPHER. Rather, it had negative consequences for the peoples of Siberia. With the advent of the Russians, the peoples of Siberia began to live and develop as part of the Russian state. The king appointed a governor here. Enriching themselves in every possible way, suppressing the resistance of the population with the military force sent from Moscow, they subdued the Nenets, Evenki, Yakuts and other nationalities. From the indigenous people they collected a fur tax - yasak. "Soft junk" (the so-called furs) was sent to Moscow for the royal court. In those distant times, fur was the equivalent of money.

The revenues of the state grew, but the oppression of small peoples also grew. When collecting yasak, family members were arrested and taken hostage.

The royal servants used corporal punishment for the slightest offense, beatings often led to severe injuries. Usury, speculation, extortion and bribery flourished. Local residents were turned into slaves.

The original culture of the peoples of the North and Siberia was forgotten and persecuted. Summing up, I think that the peoples of Siberia hardly gained anything, on the contrary, their situation has deteriorated sharply.

HISTORIAN 2.

Yes, it was all. But let me disagree with you. The Russian people had a positive influence on the peoples of Siberia in many ways.
Russian peasants transferred their experience of arable farming, taught to grow wheat, barley, buckwheat, onions, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, etc.
Russian artisans taught small peoples to work with a saw, chisel, and other previously unknown tools. Silver was found near Nerchinsk. The indigenous population got acquainted with a seine for catching fish and a potter's wheel for making dishes
Leather production and woodworking began to develop.
The construction of cities began. 20 became county centers: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Surgut:
With the entry into the Russian state, internecine wars between local tribes decreased.

In my opinion, the small peoples of Siberia still took more than they lost with the advent of the Russians.

TEACHER:

What are the pros and cons of the development of Siberia by Russians for local peoples.

STUDENTS respond.

TEACHER: The peculiarity of our club is that here everyone can take part and exchange opinions.

Students exchange opinions.

TEACHER: The topic is extensive. It is impossible to cover it in one lesson. We will continue the conversation in the next lesson.

HISTORIAN 1. To be worthy of travelers, to preserve the land and increase their labors - this is the task that History sets before us.

CONCLUSION: students do, write in a notebook.

TEACHER: Please turn in the completed crossword puzzles.

Homework : The contour maps that students worked on in class are finalized at home and handed in at the next lesson.

GRADES for the lesson.

Crossword

People with the help of which the peoples of the North communicated with the spirits.
Large boats, on which in the 15th century. discovered new lands.
Fortified cities founded in Siberia in the 17th century.
Brave travelers discovering new lands by sea.
Valuable fur, called "soft junk".
Dwellings of the peoples of the North from skins.
Brave travelers discovering new lands.

On this "Club of Travelers" finishes its work.

11/14/18

The development of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century.

Itelmens

WHO WENT TO SIBERIA AND WHY

service people

collected taxes from the local population

hunters

behind a fur-bearing animal and a walrus bone

merchants

they carried flour, salt, fabrics, copper boilers, knives, axes (the profit per 1 ruble was 30 rubles)

Cossacks

looking for freedom and prey

peasants

looking for free land

Remember who initiated the conquest of Siberia at the end of the 16th century?

Ataman Yermak with the Cossacks in 1582 captured the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk, and renamed it Tobolsk.

DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA

Surgut

Tyumen

Mangazeya

Tobolsk

Tomsk

The governors and archers sent after Yermak to Siberia founded the cities: Tyumen (1586), Surgut (1596), Mangazeya (1601), Tomsk (1604)

DEVELOPMENT OF SIBERIA

Okhotsk

Yakutsk

Surgut

Tyumen

Mangazeya

Tobolsk

Krasnoyarsk

Tomsk

Nerchinsk

Irkutsk

The Cossacks, who set off in search of a "new land" founded Krasnoyarsk (1628), Yakutsk (1632), Okhotsk (1639), Nerchinsk (1653), Irkutsk (1661)

Pathfinders are travelers exploring new lands.

TOMSKY OSTROG 1604

In the most difficult conditions, explorers explored unknown lands, built fortified points - prisons, which later turned into cities.

Cossack chieftain Semyon Dezhnev served in Tobolsk and Yakutsk, collecting yasak from local peoples. He also happened to fight with the recalcitrant, he was wounded.

1648

90 people per

ships-kochs left the mouth of the Kolyma.

In September 1648, three kochas reached the northeastern tip of Asia and rounded the cape, which Dezhnev called "Big Stone Nose".

“The shores of the hardened land are nowhere connected to the New Earth,” Dezhnev wrote in his report.

Koch, on which Dezhnev was with 24 comrades, was thrown onto a deserted shore by a storm. Along the seashore, the Cossacks reached the Anadyr River, where they built the Anadyr prison and spent a difficult winter, many died. Dezhnev compiled a description of the nature and population of the Chukotka Peninsula, discovered a rich walrus rookery.

“And we all went uphill, we ourselves do not know the way, cold and hungry, naked and barefoot. And I walked with the comrades of Anadyr - the river for exactly ten weeks.

Cape Dezhnev - the extreme eastern point

Russia (Eurasia) on the Chukchi Peninsula.

Russia

In 1665, by royal decree, it was decided “for evo, Senkin, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, turn into chieftains” . Unfortunately, by the end of the XVII century. Dezhnev's discovery was forgotten, the cape was named after him only in 1898.

Kolyma

Cape Dezhnev

S. Dezhnev

1649-53

Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov was a peasant not far from Vologda. Leaving his family, he went to Siberia, where he was engaged in trade, bought furs, built a mill and a salt pan. Having borrowed money and weapons from the governor, Khabarov, at the head of a detachment of 70 Cossacks, went to the banks of the Amur River, in search of the rich settlements of the Daurs, which other Russian travelers told about.

In 1649-1653. he visited the Amur twice:

he took the fortified "towns" of the Daurs and Nanais with a fight, imposed tribute on them, and suppressed resistance attempts. He captured many prisoners and cattle, forced the local population to accept Russian citizenship.

Khabarov compiled the "Drawing of the Amur River" - the first schematic map of the Amur region and marked the beginning of the settlement of this territory by Russian people.

Monument to E. Khabarov in Khabarovsk

For his work, the tsar granted Khabarov to the “children of the boyars”, appointed the manager of several villages in Siberia . The city of Khabarovsk, the village of Erofey Pavlovich, streets in several cities are named after him ...

Kolyma

Cape Dezhnev

S. Dezhnev

Yakutsk

E. Khabarov

Khabarovsk

by 1676

by 1645

by 1696

by 1676

by 1613

by 1696

by 1676

by 1696

by 1676

By the end of the 17th century, about 200 thousand settlers lived beyond the Urals, 140 cities were built.

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Description of the presentation on individual slides:

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

Russian pioneers of Siberia and the Far East of the 17th century. The presentation was compiled by Baysungurova Natalya Vasilyevna, a history teacher at the Pervomaiskaya secondary school in the Kizlyar district of the Republic of Dagestan. Very little documentary evidence has survived about the very first explorers of the 17th century. But already from the middle of this “golden age” of the Russian colonization of Siberia, “expedition leaders” compiled detailed “skats” (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports on the routes taken, the open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these "tales", the country knows its heroes and the main geographical discoveries that they made.

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

The great movement of the Russian people to Siberia received its full development in the 17th century. In the first half of the 17th century, the development of northern Asian lands - Siberia was underway. Russian explorers - fishermen-hunters, coast-dwellers, Cossacks for 50 years traveled all over Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. They sailed along the rivers and seas of the Arctic Ocean, walked on foot through the taiga. The coincidence of private interest with the state interest in the development of the East gave amazing results. The rapid development of Siberia by the Russians began immediately after the end of the Time of Troubles. Fortified towns - wooden prisons (fortresses) arose on the most important river routes. They were a kind of milestone for this historical movement. Forts were erected at the mouths of rivers and at the intersection of trade routes: Yenisei (1619), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1631), Yakutsk (1632), Irkutsk (1661), Selenginsky (1665). "Soft junk" - skins of sables, arctic foxes and other fur-bearing animals were brought to prisons from the surrounding lands. The indigenous inhabitants of Siberia paid tribute to the distant Russian Tsar with furs. New expeditions set out from the prisons.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

The reasons for the development of Siberia in the 17th century: The search for riches The conquest of Siberia was led by brave explorers who dreamed of seeing unknown countries and finding fabulous riches. Usually these were Cossacks and "walking people", always ready for risky and difficult undertakings. Behind them stood wealthy merchants-industrialists who equipped distant expeditions. Upon their return, the participants in the campaigns were obliged to give them 2/3 of the booty. The search for raw materials Private interest was connected in the development of Siberia with the state. The Russian state was in dire need of its own deposits of precious metals, iron and copper. They not without reason hoped to find them in Siberia. In addition, Moscow knew that the Siberian forests were fraught with huge reserves of "soft gold" - the most valuable sable fur. The government declared the sale of furs abroad to be its monopoly. In the 17th century, income from transactions with Siberian furs amounted to. about 1/4 of all treasury income. Where the Moscow authorities appeared, local residents paid a special tax - yasak, which included mainly furs.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Development of Siberia and the Far East 1632 - P. Beketov founded the Yakut prison 1651 - Albazinsky prison 1652 - Irkutsk winter hut 1654 - Kumar prison 1655 - Kosogorsky prison 1658 - Nerchinsk prison 1642 - M Stadukhin reached Chukotka 1643-1646. - V. Poyarkov reached the river. Cupid 1648 - S. Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America 1649-1653. - E. Khabarov made the first map of the Amur region 1697 - V. Atlasov explored and annexed Kamchatka 1689 - Nerchinsk treaty with China. The Russians retreated from the banks of the Amur - they avoided a possible war.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Who went to Siberia? For fur riches and walrus tusks, hunters-"industrialists" went. Merchants brought to these lands the goods needed by service people and natives - flour, salt, cloth, copper boilers, pewter utensils, axes, needles - a profit of 30 rubles per ruble invested. Black-skinned peasants and artisans-blacksmiths were transferred to Siberia, and criminals and foreign prisoners of war began to be exiled there. Aspired to new lands and free settlers. Cossacks went there, recruited from the townspeople and "free walking people" from the northern cities.

slide number 8

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Monument to Beketov in Yakutsk Pyotr Beketov - governor, explorer of Eastern Siberia, discoverer of Buryatia; annexed Yakutia and Buryatia, founded Yakutsk and Chita. Not far from the confluence of the river. Lena Aldan was cut down by the Beketov Cossacks fort, later called Yakutsk. Being a clerk in the Yakut prison, he sent expeditions to Vilyui and Aldan. After Ivan Galkin arrived to replace him, Peter returned to Yeniseisk, from where in 1640 he took yasak worth 11 thousand rubles to Moscow. In Moscow, Beketov received the rank of archer and Cossack head. In 1641, Pyotr Beketov was granted headship in the Yeniseyskomostrog among the Cossacks. In November 1654, ten Cossacks of the Beketov detachment, led by Maxim Urasov, reached the mouth of the Nerchi River, where they laid the Nelyudsky prison (now Nerchinsk) Beketov had a conflict) and with Krizhanich.

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slide number 10

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Ivan Alekseevich Galkin (? - 1656/7) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, Yenisei ataman and son of a boyar. In 1631, he was the first European to sail in the upper reaches of the Lena and along the Angara and Yenisei to the mouth of the Ob. He founded a winter hut at the mouth of the Kuta River, from which the city of Ust-Kut began.

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Stadukhin was the first to visit Kamchatka. In 1663, he first brought information about the Kamchatka River to Moscow. For discoveries in Siberia, he was promoted to Cossack atamans. For 12 years, he traveled over 13 thousand kilometers - more than any explorer of the 17th century. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk discovered by him was at least 1,500 kilometers. His geographical discoveries were reflected on the map of P. Godunov, compiled in 1667 in Tobolsk. He kept records of his "circular" trip, described and drew up a drawing-map of the places of Yakutia and Chukotka, where he visited. Mikhail Stadukhin - Russian explorer

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Ivan Moskvitin Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin (c. 1603-1671) - Russian explorer, ataman of foot Cossacks. In 1639, with a detachment of Cossacks, he was the first European to reach the Sea of Okhotsk, discovering its coast and Sakhalin Bay. The main purpose of the campaign, in addition to “searching for new non-yashak lands” and collecting furs, was to search for the Chirkol River, where, according to rumors, there was Mount Chirkol, which allegedly contains silver ore.

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Kurbat Ivanov - the discoverer of Lake Baikal, the compiler of the first map of the Far East of Russia and the first map of the Bering Strait region, the Yenisei Cossack, the discoverer of Lake Baikal. The compiler of the first map of the Far East according to the data collected by the ataman and explorer I. Yu. Moskvitin. He led a detachment of Cossacks from the Verkholensky prison, which set out in 1643 and reached the lake for the first time, the news of which, according to the words of the indigenous inhabitants, had already spread among the Cossacks. According to archival documents, the detachment of Kurbat Ivanov climbed up the Lena River and its tributary Ilikta, crossed the Primorsky Range and along the bed of the Sarma River on July 2 reached the Oblique Steppe to Lake Baikal opposite Olkhon Island. Already on the spot, Ivanov assessed the lake from an economic and strategic point of view. Later, the Russians finally settled in Cis-Baikal, having built the city of Irkutsk.

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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (before 1610 - after 1667) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, "written head". He came from the service people of the city of Kashin. By order of the Yakut voivode, the stolnik P.P. Golovin, Poyarkov undertook an expedition to the country of the Daurs, who were first learned about thanks to the expedition of his predecessor, the written head of Enalei Bakhteyarov in 1640. The Poyarkov detachment included 133 people equipped with squeakers, a cannon with 100 cores to it. Poyarkov left Yakutsk on July 15, 1643 and in 2 days on 6 planks went down the Lena River to the mouth of the Aldan. Then they had to swim against the current, which significantly slowed down the progress of the expedition. The journey from Aldan to the mouth of the Uchur River took a month. The movement along Uchur lasted ten days, after which Poyarkov's ships turned onto the Gonam River. Navigation along the Gonam is possible only 200 kilometers from the mouth, then the rapids begin. Poyarkov's people had to drag the ships on themselves, dragged. And this had to be done more than 40 times. The journey along the Gonam River took 5 weeks. With the onset of cold weather in the fall of 1643, Poyarkov decided to leave some of the people to spend the winter near the ships on the banks of the Gonam River, and he himself, lightly with a detachment of 90 people, went on a winter road on sleds through Sutam and Nuyam. For 2 weeks, he passed the Stanovoy Range and for the first time penetrated into the basin of the river. Amur, first opening Mulmugu, and then, after 2 weeks, went to the Zeya River (Daurian country). On December 13, 1643, 80 km from the Amur River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov had a skirmish with the Daurs of the "Prince" Doptyul. They set up a camp (fort) and immediately demanded from the local agricultural Daurs that from now on they pay tribute to the Russian Tsar. And in order to back up his words with action, he took amanats (hostages) several noble people. In early January 1644, Poyarkov's winter hut on the Umlekan River was besieged by the Daurs. Fear of unknown aliens receded, and their small number gave confidence to the besiegers. However, several attempts made by them to storm the storm did not bring success: apparently, the superiority of the Cossacks in tactical skill and weapons affected. Then the Daurs took the Poyarkovites into the blockade ring. The Cossacks began to mix the bark of trees with flour, ate roots and carrion, and often got sick. The sea has begun. Then the surrounding Daurs, who had been hiding in the forests all this time, grew bolder and organized several attacks on the prison. But Poyarkov was a skilled military leader. But finally, in the spring of 1644, the siege ring broke up. Poyarkov got the opportunity to continue the campaign. He sent one group back to Gonam to hurry the wintering Cossacks, and the other - 40 Cossacks under the command of Petrov - further to Amur for reconnaissance. Faced with the resistance of the Daurs, Petrov's detachment retreated back to Poyarkov's camp. On May 24, 1644, winterers arrived from Gonam. Poyarkov's detachment reached 70 people. They made new ships and continued rafting on rivers at a speed of 40 km / day.

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By June 1644, Poyarkov's Cossacks descended along Zeya to the Amur River (which they mistakenly took for Shilka). The local population was very hostile to the explorers, not letting them near the shore. Poyarkov went down the Amur to its mouth, where he wintered again. On the middle Amur, Poyarkov met the agricultural people of the Duchers, whose militia at the mouth of the Songhua destroyed a reconnaissance detachment of explorers (20 Cossacks died). After the Duchers, the lands of the fishing people of the Golds began, with whom there were no military clashes. In the autumn of 1644, Poyarkov went to the mouth of the Amur, where the Gilyak fishermen lived. Here Poyarkov's Cossacks breathed a sigh of relief for the first time. From them he learned about Sakhalin inhabited by hairy people. The Gilyak "princes" swore allegiance to Russia and voluntarily gave the first yasak - 12 forty sables and six sable coats. At the end of winter, the Cossacks again had to endure hunger. Again they began to eat roots, bark, eat carrion. Before setting off on a campaign, Poyarkov raided the Gilyaks, captured the amanats and collected tribute in sables. In the battle, Poyarkov lost half of his remaining detachment. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov and his Cossacks went to the Amur Estuary. Poyarkov made a historically proven 12-week (3-month) voyage along the southwestern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk from the mouth of the Amur to the mouth of the Ulya, where Poyarkov's detachment fell into a storm and wintered in the fall of 1645. Here, already in 1639, the foot of the “Russian man” Ivan Moskvitin set foot, and the local peoples paid tribute to the Moscow “white tsar”. Then, across the Maya River, Poyarkov's Cossacks began their return home. According to various sources, 20, 33 or 52 Cossacks from Poyarkov's expedition returned to Yakutsk in 1646. The direct goals of the campaign were not achieved, but the Russian authorities received valuable information about the territories passed.

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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (circa 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - Russian traveler, explorer, navigator, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia and North America, Cossack ataman, fur trader. The first navigator who passed the Bering Strait separating Asia from North America, Chukotka from Alaska, and did it 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648, visiting the islands of Ratmanov and Kruzenshtern, located in the middle of the Bering Strait.

slide number 17

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Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), Ustyug Cossack, was the first to sail around the easternmost part of our Fatherland and all of Eurasia. Passed the strait between Asia and America, opened the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part. The cape is named after Dezhnev, the one next to which the international date line passes. After the opening of the strait, an international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Note that 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 hours earlier than in the suburbs of London - Greenwich, from where universal time begins.

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Khabarov came from peasants from under Veliky Ustyug. The successor of the work of Enalei Bakhteyarov and Vasily Poyarkov on the development of the Amur region. Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov is a famous Russian explorer. At the beginning of the 17th century, he traveled around the Lena River basin. Khabarov's biography is very interesting, he lived a difficult life, full of ups and downs, traveled a lot and saw a lot. Through the efforts of this brave explorer, new lands suitable for agriculture, as well as salt springs, were discovered. Erofey Khabarov was born near Veliky Ustyug. The exact date of birth is not known, presumably he was born in 1603. In his youth, together with his brothers, he was engaged in fur trade in the region of the Taimyr Peninsula. Then fate threw him to the Arkhangelsk region, where he was engaged in salt production. In 1632, Erofey leaves his family and goes to the Lena River. For almost seven years he walked in the vicinity of the basin of this river, engaged in fur trade. Then he began to farm at the mouth of the Kuta River. In 1649 he went to the Amur region, research continued until 1653, during which time the scientist made a number of campaigns that were not in vain. The knowledge gained by Khabarov about the area was reflected in his drawings, in which he described in detail the area near the Amur River. compiled the first Russian map of the Amur region and began its conquest; built the first industrial enterprise in Eastern Siberia

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In 1655, Khabarov sent a petition to Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, in which he described his merits in the conquest of the Daurian and Siberian expanses. The king, having studied the petition, recognized his merits. He was elevated to the rank of "son of a boyar."

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Vladimir Atlasov - annexed Kamchatka to Russia and compiled its first map and description, discoverer of the Kuril Islands; delivered the first Japanese to Russia. Atlasov's father was a Yakut Cossack, a former Ustyug peasant who fled beyond the Urals. Vladimir Atlasov began the service of collecting yasak in 1682 on the Aldan and Uda rivers. In 1695, having reached the Pentecostal age, he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. Having scouted about Kamchatka through the Cossack Luka Morozko sent by him, he began to prepare for the expedition. Alexander Pushkin called Vladimir Atlasov "Kamchatsky Ermak", and Stepan Krasheninnikov - "the finder of Kamchatka". (However, the first Russian explorers of Kamchatka were the expeditions of Luka Morozko)

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In 1701, the governor sent Atlasov with a report on the campaign to Moscow. Among other things, he brought with him a captive "Indian" by the name of Dembei, who was shipwrecked in Kamchatka, who turned out to be a Japanese from the city of Osaka and who was called the "Tatar of the Apon state named Denbei" in the papers of the Order of Artillery, where he began to serve as an interpreter. For a successful campaign that ended with the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Atlasov was awarded the rank of Cossack head and an award of 100 rubles was issued.

slide number 22

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Conclusions: Local tribes maintained animal and fisheries, grazing lands and were suppliers of yasak. Yasak people were supposed to transport state-owned goods and provide the garrisons with fish, firewood, and berries. Russian governors were sometimes cruel and greedy, but they also stopped the bloody feuds between the clans and tribes of Siberia. Russian garrisons protected the local population from the raids of nomads - Kazakhs and Yenisei Kirghiz. The Russians founded new villages on free and suitable for arable land. The peasants going on a long journey were provided with benefits - exemption from duties for several years, loans in money, seeds, horses. By the end of the 17th century, there were already about 200 thousand settlers living beyond the Urals - almost the same number as the natives. The peasants provided Siberia with bread. In the 17th century the first maps of Siberia were drawn up, deposits of non-ferrous and precious metal ores began to be found. The settlers dressed in the same way as the locals, rode dog and reindeer sleds. And the indigenous people began to set up chopped huts, use new tools and grow agricultural crops that were previously unfamiliar to them.

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Today, 85 percent of all Russia's reserves are located in Siberia, which strengthens the leading positions in the development of the country's economy. Siberia is one of the main places visited by residents of not only Russia, but also foreign countries. Siberia keeps a huge potential, which is only getting bigger every year.

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Siberia is my Motherland!

Compiled by: Ostapenko Alena Yurievna

History teacher MBOU secondary school №82

It has long been known that there is nothing worse than oblivion. The loss of roots threatens with a loss of a sense of reality, which means – perspectives. Without history, the development of any culture is inconceivable, because the magical fundamental civilizational triangle is torn apart: the past - the present - the future. Siberia has great prospects because it remembers its history.

1. The first mention of Siberia

2. The struggle for the territories of Siberia

3. XVII century - active development of Siberia

5. XIX century - "gold rush"

6. XX century - Siberia - the rear of Russia

7. Siberia today

First mention

The first mention of Siberia in Russia was in the XII century. The chronicles mention the campaigns of Novgorod merchants to the east for the extraction of furs.

The struggle for the territory of Siberia

Early records speak of the campaigns of the Novgorodians to the Iron Gates in 1032, which, according to the scientist Solovyov, were the Ural Mountains. But these campaigns ended with the defeat of the Novgorodians by the Yugras, and from the middle of the 13th century, Yugra was a colony of the Novgorod volost. Veliky Novgorod took tribute from Yugra.

In 1582, On October 26, an attack was made on the Siberian Khanate. This attack was carried out by Ataman Ermak, who took possession of Kashlyk and began to annex the Siberian Khanate to Russia.

XVII century - active development of Siberia

Having conquered the lands of the Siberian Khanate, the Russians begin building fortresses. New fortresses appear, such as Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov, and others. In the 16th and 17th centuries, these fortresses became cities.

1648 - Semyon Dezhnev, passing from the mouth of the river, Kolyma at the mouth of the Anadyr River opens the strait separating Asia and America.

From 1615 to 1763, the Ministry for Siberian Affairs, or as it was then called the Siberian Order, worked in Moscow. His task was to monitor the management of the new lands of Siberia.

In 1747, a number of fortifications appeared to protect against raids by nomadic tribes, these fortifications were named the Irtysh line.

Scientific research in Siberia began to develop under Peter I. It was he who organized the Great Northern Expedition.

In 1822 Asiatic Russia split into West Siberian and East Siberian. The center of the West Siberian land was Tobolsk, and the East Siberian was Irkutsk. During the separation, such regions as Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk moved to Western Siberia, and Irkutsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the Yakutsk region to Eastern.

In the 19th century, a gold industry developed in Siberia, which exceeded all other industries combined.

The main event in Siberia was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Siberia and the Far East with European Russia. Its construction began in 1890-1900.

In the 20th century, Siberia acts as a rear during the Russo-Japanese War. Siberia continues to develop. With the outbreak of the Civil War in Siberia, Soviet power is overthrown, and it becomes the center of the White Army, led by its leader Kolchak. Kolchak arranges his residence in Omsk.

In the 30s of the 20th century, the coal industry developed in the Kuznetsk coal basin.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the population of large cities increased. This is due to the evacuation of industrial equipment to Siberia from the European part of the then republic. And if not for Siberia, it would have been much more difficult for the Soviet Union to win the war.

Siberia today

Today Siberia occupies an area equal to 9,734 thousand km2. And this is approximately 57% of the entire area of Russia. Its population is 23,893 thousand. human. The largest cities of Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tyumen, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk.