French cop. What are the police called in different countries? French police uniform

Almost all citizens pronounce the word MENT as an insulting expression, but, in fact, it came from the division and reduction of the word in the jargon “Document” (“Doc” “ment”). After all, the police first of all require documents to be presented to suspicious individuals. There is another version that the word ment came to us from the Polish language, where “mente” means a soldier, or the word “mentik” - a guard overseas — became its source. In Hungarian, the same “mente” means a cloak or cape; it was these capes that were issued to police officers in Austria-Hungary.

The slang word MUSOR came from the abbreviation MUS - Moscow Criminal Investigation. Then the organization was renamed to MPD, but the word “garbage” remained. According to another version, the word garbage came from the English version of MY COP, that is, MY POLICE in translation.

Pharaoh - so irreverently ironically called the city at the turn of the 19-20 centuries. The expression arose perhaps from the stillness, impassivity of those who stood at the post and who were accustomed to the street hustle of the city.

Police officers are also sometimes called LEGAL, due to the fact that earlier agents of the criminal investigation department used camouflage badges with a picture of a dog to mask themselves.

Now to the damned capitalists.

The word "Sop", which is used in America and sometimes in England as well as our word "garbage", has two legends of origin.

The first claims that the word "Сop" comes from the name of the badges worn by the first police officers. The badges were made of copper; in English, copper is called copper. Here from this word and reduced.

The second version of the more believable word "Sop" was brought by the British. And it came from the word Caper. So called people who, with the highest permission of the King, could rob and seize other people's ships in favor of their state. In short, legitimate pirates. Caper from old french - capture, rob. By the beginning of the 19th century, this word changed its form and began to be called to cop - to capture. This went and went.

In England itself, cops are more called Bobby than Cops. This happened on behalf of the Prime Minister of Great Britain - Robert Peel (abbr. From Robert - Bob or Bobby). As Minister of the Interior, he reorganized the police, making it a more efficient and successful public institution. All this happened at the beginning of the 19th century. Then the cops were nicknamed bobby or peelers. In this battle of words, the first won and was entrenched in the English cops.

France has the richest palette of names for law enforcement. So many call police flicks. Few people know where this word came from, experts say that initially the police were called flies (mouche), but then the word fliege came from the Dutch language, then it was transformed into flic. It took root because the French came up with a decoding for this word Federation Legale des Idiots Casques (literally translated as "Legal Federation of Idiots in Helmets").

French policemen are also called hens - poule, just the Paris police department is located on the place where the bird market used to be. In the Arab neighborhoods it is customary to call the police - pharaohs, which is probably why they drive more Arabs than everyone else. Well, the most common agent is just an agent.

In Germany, policemen are called bulls. Why, few people know, but many Germans believe that the nickname came from an animal. They call them bulls for stubbornness and strength. I don’t know, stubbornness can be, but strength ...

In Spain, the police are called poli, pet from police. They love their guards laws, and why steal in Spain, olives if only.

In Italy, the police are called sbirro, the nickname has Latin roots (birrum - red cloak). Initially, the police wore a red uniform, hence the nickname. The story is somewhat similar to our "cops."

In Holland, all nicknames have Jewish roots. So in more prosperous areas of the same Amsterdam, the nickname smeris is mainly found - to observe (the word came from ancient Hebrew) and in less prosperous areas the nickname klabak is accepted - a dog (in Yiddish)

Unfortunately, crime exists in all countries of the world, and special state bodies are needed that would prevent destructive activities in society. is no exception. Each country in the world has its own system of internal and external security. The French police are the most important body of the executive apparatus and the entire law enforcement system of the country. In addition to the police in French society, there is a separate category of employees called the “gendarmes”. All these bodies daily carry out law enforcement activities in the Republic.

National Gendarmerie of France

Translated from French, “gens d’armes” are people who carry weapons. The French gendarmerie is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and is called upon to ensure the internal protection of the country and its heritage. Also, this state body ensures the safety of the country's president and members of the Cabinet. State important facilities are also guarded by gendarmerie units.

A feature of the structure of the national internal military police is the presence in it of a research institute for forensic and forensic expertise. As part of this research institute, various developments in the field of safety and security are being implemented and applied.

The French National Gendarmerie follows the orders of the Justice and Ministry of Defense.

French police uniform

The everyday form of the French policeman is designed to distinguish the representative of the law among the masses. It is not flashy, has a blue color and police stripes.

As for the parade uniform, the French gendarmerie has very festive and colorful outfits. Initially, this body was a kind of mounted police, so these roots can be traced in the appearance of the gendarmes.

The dark blue tunic has bright red twists, and the white belt blends perfectly with shoulder straps. As you can see, the parade uniform of the French policeman is made up of the colors of the national flag of the country, which emphasizes the patriotic nature of the unit. A hat in the form of a cylindrical cap creates a more spectacular look. Blue trousers with stripes tucked into boots. For more than 20 years, the ceremonial form of the gendarmes has not changed.

Police and gendarmerie: differences and features

Many believe that the police and the gendarmerie are one and the same state body. These separate parts of the French apparatus have a number of differences.

The French police is a purely civilian formation. It is designed to ensure order in society. To become a policeman it is necessary to write a special competitive exam, which results in the selection to a specialized institution. There, the future employee is trained for about six months.

The gendarmerie, in turn, has police functions. However, its activities are aimed at the armed defense of the country. An analogue of this body in the Russian Federation is the internal troops. There is a specialized Academy for gendarmes, which provides advanced training and retraining of personnel. Unlike a policeman, a representative of the gendarmerie must be trained for a period of 2 years.

Threat Activities

Unfortunately, in recent years a series of terrorist attacks took place in France. These terrible events claimed the lives of many people. However, if not for the activities of the valiant police of France, then the victims could have been even greater. The police searched for the perpetrators of the attacks, and also carried out together with the gendarmerie to protect the country's population from new incidents.

According to the French press, recently law enforcement agencies have increased the level of protection at railway facilities, claiming that attackers are preparing to focus on this infrastructure. The French police also pay special attention to schools and educational institutions where the risk of a terrorist attack is quite high.

The example of France’s law enforcement agencies was followed by other European countries. Prevention of terrorist acts is today the primary national security task.

French police. Gendarmerie

The article discusses the legal issues of the functioning of the gendarmerie as part of the French police.

There are four levels in the French gendarmerie.

The first level is the General Directorate of the National Gendarmerie (La Direction Générale de la Gendarmerie Nationale).

It is headed by the Director-General (Le directeur général) .2 Since 1946, a civilian — a prefect or magistrate — has been appointed Director-General of the gendarmerie.
Since 2004, the chief of the gendarmerie has been appointed an employee of the Ministry of the Interior. The term of office is four years, but it can be extended.

The General Directorate of the National Gendarmerie ensures the functioning of the entire gendarmerie institute. The Directorate carries out the most important operations; heads regional departments; assists in making political decisions regarding the gendarmerie (budget, jobs, etc.).

The General Directorate includes:
1) Cabinet (un cabinet), divided into bureaus and services;
2) Inspection of the National Gendarmerie (L "Inspection de la Gendarmerie Nationale - IGN). It is headed by the Director General for Education, Information and Control. The Inspectorate's functions include: conducting judicial investigations for which the gendarmerie is competent; supervising gendarmerie units; economic analysis of management under the leadership of the same units; the application of prevention and control methods related to hygiene, safety, working conditions;
3) three services, which in turn include departments:
a) Human resources service (Le service des Ressources Humaines - SRH). The general, the commander of the service, administers all the gendarmerie employees, and also conducts a policy on the recruitment and formation of staff;
b) The service of operational organs and the recruitment service (Le service des Opérations et de l "Emploi - SOE). The general commander of the service manages:
- a subdivision of organization and evaluation (la sous-direction de l "organization et de l" évaluation);
- a subdirectory of international cooperation (la sous-direction de la coopération internationale);
- a subdirectory of the protection and maintenance of public order (la sous-direction de la défense et de l "ordre public);
- a subdirectory for ensuring public safety and road safety (la sous-direction de la sécurité publique et de la sécurité routière);
- a sub-division of the judicial police (la sous-direction de la police judiciaire);
c) The National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d "intervention de la gendarmerie nationale - GIGN) .3 Created in 1974, it unified four types of gendarmerie security forces into a single structure: The National Gendarmerie intervention group (le Groupe d" intervention de la gendarmerie nationale ); National Gendarmerie Parachute Squadron (l "Escadron parachutiste d" intervention de la gendarmerie nationale); Security Unit of the President of the Republic (le detachement gendarmerie du groupe de securite de la presidence de la Republique); Investigation and Life Safety Unit (le Groupe d "instruction et de securite des activites).

The Group is currently under the direct supervision of the Director General of the national gendarmerie, and is also associated with the activities of specialized units. The group is directly led by a senior officer who relies on two headquarters: the first prepares operations and plays an important role in crisis situations; second
provides administrative and financial support, and also manages human resources.
Currently, to work both within the structure (administrative work) and to participate in the operations themselves, the group includes five main power structures - forces:
- interventions (la force Intervention);
- observation / search (la force Observation / Recherche);
- security / protection (la force Securite / Protection);
- technical means (une force Appui operationnel);
- formations (une force Formation).

In addition to its immediate tasks, the Group, in cooperation with other units of the national gendarmerie, national police services and armed forces, is involved in the fight against terrorism, banditry, ensuring security, protecting the interests of the nation and the security of high-ranking government officials.

The National Gendarmerie Intervention Unit was reformed in 2007. She carries out complex actions at a high level, and also participates in operations of special importance.

Second level - Gendarmerie departments (Gendarmerie departementale).

The gendarmerie of departments carries out work to ensure public safety, paying special attention to contact with the population at any time of the day. It performs tasks to ensure the protection of the population and its property, and also interacts with the judicial police.

Gendarmerie departments exist in several forms:
1. "Gendarme region" (La region de gendarmerie).
The gendarmerie regions were established in 2005 as part of a reform to simplify the structure of the gendarmerie. The creation of this structure allowed the gendarmerie to make the organization more cohesive and contributed to a better fulfillment of civilian and military tasks. The reorganization led to a simplification of command with the maintenance of functional ties at the regional and zonal levels with civil and military authorities. The liquidation of the hierarchical authority allowed the command to be vested with the main authority for managing and maintaining order. The commander of the regional detachment extends his power to all departments of the gendarmerie located within the borders of the administrative region.

The general, commander of the gendarme region, is located at the headquarters of the une zone de défense. All mobile gendarme units located within the zone are subordinate to him. In this case, the command has special powers to form the gendarmerie and recruit full-time employees of the mobile gendarmerie (forces de gendarmerie mobile).
2. Territorial units (Les unités territoriales).

The unit (Le groupement) is the command formation of the departmental gendarmerie at the departmental level. The division is divided into companies (compagnies). They are mainly housed in gendarme departments, are under the command of officers and are divided into territorial brigades (brigades territoriales).

In principle, territorial brigades can operate independently or in conjunction with other units. Each brigade acts on the canton assigned to it.

Specialized formations.
The activities of territorial formations are supplemented by other structures - special forces. Among them:
a) search units (les unités de recherches). These include: brigades de recherches, departmental information and judicial investigation brigades (brigades départementales de renseignements et d "investigations judiciaires), sections of the search (sections de recherches). These units assist the judicial police and assist territorial units by conducting investigations that require specialized knowledge and great freedom of action;
b) Surveillance and intervention units (Les pelotons de surveillance et d "intervention).

They are located in the most sensitive criminal zones, each of them is attached to a specific company. They are obliged to strengthen at any time the effectiveness of the actions of units called up at the scene of a crime or offense, accident or other events that violate public order; perform surveillance tasks together with territorial units around the clock;
c) Teams for the prevention of juvenile crime (Les brigades de prévention de la délinquance juvénile). Brigades were created in 1997. Their main purpose is to prevent teenagers from committing crimes. They mainly operate in the suburbs, where the gendarmerie performs tasks to ensure public safety and pays special attention to regular contacts with difficult teenagers;
d) Traffic police units - departmental road safety squads, motorized units (Les unités de police de la route - escadrons départementaux de sécurité routière, brigades motorisées et pelotons d "autoroutes);
e) Mountain units (Les unités de montagne). These are gendarme forces operating in mountainous regions;
f) Air units (Les sections aériennes).

Third level - Mobile gendarmerie (Gendarmerie mobile).

In accordance with the law of August 29, 2002 on the general principles of ensuring internal security, the gendarmerie’s mobile forces are assigned the following tasks: maintaining public order; security; performing permanent tasks of the protection zone; decentralization of formation at the provincial level.

In addition, the General Directorate of the National Gendarmerie requires gendarmerie units to guarantee the fulfillment of the so-called "national" tasks. For the defense zone of Paris, the prefect of the zone enjoys the constant assistance of other defense zones.
In its current form, the mobile gendarmerie has been operating since July 1, 2005, when the law came into force, which simplified the structure of the gendarmerie. This organization is ruled by the gendarmerie command of the region.

The mobile gendarmerie has the following territorial structure:
1) The commander of the region (Le commandant de région). The creation of the “gendarme region” (région de gendarmerie) allowed the gendarmerie to make the organization more cohesive and contributed to a better fulfillment of civilian and military tasks. The general, commander of the gendarme region, is located in
headquarters of the protection zone (de zone de défense), subjugates the entire mobile gendarmerie located within the zone. This power extends its influence on the formation of departmental gendarmerie. In this case, the command has special powers to form the composition of the gendarmerie and recruit full-time employees of the mobile gendarmerie;
2) Grouping (Le groupement). It is under the command of a senior officer and includes from four to seven squadrons, submits to the command of the region, performing its functions in seven defense zones;
3) Squadron (L "escadron), commanded by the captain. The squadron includes five platoons.

The fourth level is the specialized gendarmerie (Gendarmeries spécialisées).

It has several varieties:
a) Republican Guard (Garde republi-caine);
b) Maritime Gendarmerie. 10 Maritime Gendarmerie officers and non-commissioned officers are recruited from departmental gendarmerie, mobile gendarmerie or Republican Guard.

The maritime gendarmerie is under the command of the colonel and receives assistance from headquarters in Paris. It consists of three units, eight companies, 75 formations (search brigades, coastal protection brigades, security platoon for security zones, patrol ships and patrol boats).

The maritime gendarmerie has the following geographical location: Metropolis: unification of the La Mancha and the North Sea in Cherbourg; Overseas territory: Guyana.

The tasks of the mobile gendarmerie can be grouped as follows:
- the task of ensuring national defense (participation in ensuring the safety and security of structures, buildings of the Navy; protection of the main military facilities (ports, bases, etc.); protection and control of the population and its property; maintenance and restoration of order at the protected objects; national water protection);
- tasks of the general maritime police: judicial maritime police (all maritime gendarmerie staff: officers, judicial police agents or deputy judicial police agents); monitoring the health of the nation; control of illegal migration; illegal labor control; fight against illegal trade (drugs, counterfeiting);
shipping security; helping people at risk.

The Maritime Gendarmerie may provide technical assistance to the departmental gendarmerie or other police services if it becomes necessary to conduct an investigation within its competence.

At the disposal of the marine gendarmerie are patrol ships and boats. Based on the specifics of the tasks, the marine gendarmerie includes various specialists whose competence is implemented on land and on water;
c) Air Force Gendarmerie (Air). Aerial gendarmerie is a specialized unit of the national gendarmerie whose mission is to protect the airspace.
The air gendarmerie is under the command of the colonel and receives assistance from headquarters in Paris. The air gendarmerie is divided into two groups (groupements), five companies (compagnies) and 43 formations (air gendarmerie units).

Air gendarmerie personnel are representatives of departmental gendarmerie, mobile or republican guards.

Tasks: ensuring security, military, administrative and judicial police, council of command of the air army; airspace protection. In addition, the air gendarmerie provides administrative control of air bases and surrounding areas.

The air gendarmerie, performing its task of protecting the airspace, is represented by four types of professions: the gendarme brigade (Gendarme de brigade), gendarmes-motorcyclists (Gendarme motocycliste), the gendarmes of the judicial sphere (Gendarme en section judiciaire), the gendarmes of security groups (Gendarme du grou sécurité);
d) Civil Aviation Gendarmerie (Transports Aériens).

In 1953, a specialized education of the national gendarmerie appeared, the task of which included the field of civil aviation. Since 2006, the Civil Aviation Gendarmerie has been located in the General Directorate of Civil Aviation (la Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile - DGAC). This unit of the gendarmerie is under the command of a senior officer, receives assistance from the headquarters, which is located in Paris. The Civil Aviation Gendarmerie is divided into two groups: the Northern Alliance is located in Roissy, and the Southern Alliance is in E-en-Provence.

Representatives of the departmental gendarmerie, mobile or republican guards are recruited as members of the civil aviation gendarmerie.

The tasks of the civil aviation gendarmerie are basically similar to the tasks of the national gendarmerie, but it also has its own specific tasks (control of air transportation, prevention of accidents, accidents, protection of civil aviation buildings, government representatives, aircraft, judicial police: prevention of crimes and offenses).

Gendarmerie employees undergo training programs and internships at the National Civil Aviation School (l’Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile - ENAC) in Toulouse to obtain flight training certificates and skills for investigating disasters;
e) Military gendarmerie (Armement).

The military gendarmerie includes: headquarters based in Ark (un etat-major); a defense unit (un groupe de protection) attached to headquarters; two companies and 17 units. The military gendarmerie is led by the head of the corps (un chef de corps).

The military gendarmerie performs as the general tasks of the gendarmerie (protecting the population and its property, preventing offenses, judicial, administrative and military investigations at the protected objects of the military gendarmerie, as well as their operation on state territory; preventing disasters; monitoring personal data; monitoring vehicles and persons entering the territory of the deployment of troops; prevention and prevention of offenses in the field of ecology, illegal trade, illegal labor road safety), as well as the specific functions of the police, security and safety (non-disclosure of industrial secrets, control of military zones and facilities at locations, control of persons and vehicles at protected enterprises, protection of property and important documents, ensuring the protection of senior officials of the General Delegation of the Armed Forces (la delegation generale pour l "armement), investigation into the persons and property of the General delegation of the armed forces, participation in the defense of military installations).

School Command (Commandement des ecoles)
The command of the gendarmerie schools coordinates the activities of schools and research centers.

Road safety in the gendarme zones16 is provided primarily by the Department of Road Safety Squadron (L "escadron départemental de sécurité routière (EDSR)). The squadron unites all the gendarmerie units whose mission is to fight for road safety. It consists of a group (un groupe) under the command of an officer of the gendarmerie, and specialized units, the competence of which varies depending on the characteristics of the road network: motorized brigade; road platoon; motorized road detachment; detachments cerned response.

The command detachment controls the activities of the departmental road safety squadron. Motorized brigades perform tasks to ensure road safety in areas adjacent to the department. Their form of activity is different: suppression of illegal trade, transport police, youth training, informing motorists. Road platoons carry out police tasks on highways, including those located outside the department. Motorized road crews perform their tasks on expressways. Rapid response teams reinforce road control. Their activity is aimed at detaining malicious offenders in the traffic flow: intercepting vehicles moving at speed, improperly changing lanes, not observing a safe distance, etc. They can act together with gendarmerie helicopters.

The gendarmerie headquarters has the National Center for Road Safety (le Center National de Formation à la Sécurité Routière - CNFSR), 18 which provides staff training. The gendarmerie is actively involved in the European Traffic Police Network (TISPOL), the Task Force of the Road Gendarmerie (Un groupe opérationnel) organizes joint operations, especially often in border areas.

Within its competence, the gendarmerie performs the functions of a judicial police. There are several types of judicial police operating under the gendarmerie:
a) in connection with the development of crime, the national gendarmerie is constantly developing its mechanisms and methods of action. So, fighting against raiding, the Interagency Committee on Combating Mobile Crime (la cellule interministérielle de liaison sur la délinquance itinérante - CILDI) was transformed in 2004 into the Central Office;

b) the gendarmerie has its own scientific and technical units. 20 In 1987 he was
the Institute of Forensic Studies of the National Gendarmerie (l "Institut de recherche criminelle de la gendarmerie nationale - IRCGN) was created. The Institute carries out research and necessary examinations upon request of the formations and masters; assists investigators in checking the circumstances of the case and fixing evidence; is responsible for raising the educational level technical specialists and informing investigators; develops the technical base of forensic investigations.Training at the Institute is an ongoing process. The training is carried out both within the gendarmerie itself (together with the national educational center of the judicial police in Fontainebleau), and in partnership with various civil authorities (laboratories, technical and scientific research institutions). The Institute of Forensic Studies of the National Gendarmerie accepts interns with an educational level of bachelor + 4 minimum (BAC + 4);

c) Technical Service for Forensic Research and Documentation (Forensic Research) (STRJD - \u200b\u200bRecherches judiciaires). This judicial police authority appeared in 1976. Its competence extends to both national and overseas territories. She investigates crimes (murders, thefts, human trafficking, sexual aggression, crimes in the sphere of finance and economics, illegal trade in narcotic substances or art objects, automobiles, etc.) and offenses, as well as in the search for persons and vehicles; maintains relations with public (national police, customs, Interpol, Europol, etc.) and private services (associations for the rehabilitation of victims, car centers, research centers, etc.). As part of the judicial police, the Technical Service for Forensic Research and Documentation is in continuous development. So, in recent years, this service entrusted the police with surveillance over the Internet and the fight against all forms of virtual crime;

d) The National Center for the Judicial Police (le Center National de Formation de Police Judiciaire - CNFPJ) arose because of the need to provide specialized and continuing education to the officers and non-commissioned officers of the gendarmerie of the judicial police. The center provides continuous and specialized education of a high level and quality of officers and non-commissioned officers; provides education for various levels of command of officers and non-commissioned officers. The training covers the following areas: investigation of crimes (crimes committed by minors; organized crime); scientific progress (economic and financial aspects; new information technologies; equipment for criminal identification; environmental protection); compliance with laws and international standards. The center offers 34 forms of education, about 3200 trainees per year study there;

e) there are also two Headquarters in the gendarmerie structure: - The Central Office for Combating Crime (l "Office Central de Lutte contre la Délinquance Itinérante - OCLDI), which is attached to the judicial police unit of the General Directorate of the National Gendarmerie;
- Central Office for Combating Crimes in the Sphere of Environment and Health (L "Office Central de Lutte contre les Atteintes à l Environnement et à la Santé Publique - OCLAESP) - attached to the judicial police unit of the national gendarmerie;

f) The gendarmerie is actively involved in the fight against virtual crime (cybercrime) .23 The National Gendarmerie (NRBC) 24 includes:
- Department of Cybernetics of the Technical Service for Forensic Research and Documentation (Département cybercriminalité du servise technique de recherches judiciaries et de documentation - STRJD). The department provides supervision of the network by detecting offenders in relation to persons and property, as well as data transmission via the Internet;

- Information Department of the National Gendarmerie Crime Research Institute (Département informatique et électronique de l`institute de recherché criminelle de la Gendarmerie nationale - IRCGN);

- National Center for Combating the Spread of Child Pornography Images (le Center national d`images pédopornografiques - CNAIR). The center has existed since October 2003. It collects and classifies images captured during investigations in the database and helps investigators identify themselves.

Since 2002, the gendarmerie has been introducing special education in the field of new technologies for specialized investigators called N-TECH; they work together with the search units. This entity is located at the National Center for the Judicial Police (CNFPJ), located in Fontainebleau. After graduation, interns return to their units with specific equipment called the “investigator recruitment”.

Currently, about 100 N-TECH gendarmes are doing their job.

Territorial investigators use the help of specialists from research groups in the field of virtual crime technology. In research teams, N-TECH investigators take care of the technical aspect of judicial investigations. Research teams investigate specific offenses related to damage to information systems. These structures are intended to oversee the network.

Departmental intelligence teams (Les Brigades Départementales de Renseignement) and judicial investigation units (d`Investigations Judiciaires - BDRIJ) are located at the headquarters of the department. The combination of forces of technical specialists in forensics (criminal investigators, N-TECH, forensic analysis) helps to exchange experience, improve skills and increase competence.

The mobile gendarmerie interacts with the departmental gendarmerie to protect public order.25 In accordance with the Law on the Installation and Programming of Internal Security of August 29, 2002, 26 the mobile gendarmerie obeys the new doctrine. This doctrine combines security requirements with law enforcement requirements. The formation of the gendarmerie in this area performs the following tasks: maintaining public order; security (crime control, emergency assistance, search activities); permanent tasks of the protection zone; decentralized education.

The main directorate of the national gendarmerie requires the gendarmerie units to carry out the so-called "national" tasks. So, for the protection zone of Paris, the Prefect enjoys constant help coming from other defense zones. National tasks: implementation of tasks in the overseas territory, Corsica and conducting operations outside the country; assistance to the protection zone of Paris; operations outside the zone; seasonal assistance during the influx of tourists. Acting as an administrative police, the 27 gendarmerie is responsible for 95% of the territory of France.

The work of police in all countries of the world is absolutely the same, despite the different names of this post in each individual state. The first phrase “police officer” appeared in the distant 1859 - so how did it change after so many years?

Unofficial nicknames

In the USA, the most common name for cops is the word cop, which is considered an abbreviation for “patrol cop” (Constable on Patrol). Also, its origin is associated with the word copper ("copper") - the first American policemen wore eight-pointed stars made of copper.

In Britain, police are called "bobby" - a derivative on behalf of Robert Peale, the founder of the British police and the famous Scotland Yard.

IN Russia and Ukraine  they are habitually called "cops."

Today, in many countries (including Britain), the usual names of policemen are gradually being supplanted by the American word "cop."

In France, the most common nickname for police officers is the word flick, which appeared in the mid-19th century. This nickname stands for "fly", but the witty French gave him another decoding - Federation Legale des Idiots Casques (Legal Federation of Idiots in Helmets).
In addition to flickers, in France policemen are often called “ajahn” from the word “agent” or poule (chicken).

In Germany, police officers are approached in absentia as Bulle (bull), in Spain - poli, and in Italy - “sbirro” (comes from the red color of the uniform).

Official names

In most european countries  police officers are commonly called police officer.

In Russia, they simply turn to them - a policeman.

In Ukraine, the police are called "militsionery" or "militsyantami".

The French respectfully turn to the policeman - "gendarme", and the Italians - "carabiner".

German policemen are called "policemen", Spanish - policiaco (accent on the letter I).

In South America, police officers are simply referred to as agente or comisario.

On the territory of Poland, the police call the police, and in Norway they call the “constable”.

The Portuguese call the police - policial, and the Finns - poliisi.

Due to such a diverse “assortment” of names of police posts, state researchers often find it difficult to separate police bodies into a specific classification, remaining within the framework of state mechanisms. However, it is not always possible to clearly classify the police and special bodies of state security even if there are generalized and understandable names for these professions.

The word “police” has the same sound in all countries of the world and is translated from Greek as “political system” or “state”.

Police in France were created during the absolute rule of the monarchs in the 17th century. Its system included specialized police units, equestrian police guards, and judicial police. The discontented and restless bourgeois needed to be controlled all the time. Particularly strengthened police services in the capital. In each quarter of Paris there were special police groups whose duties, in addition to maintaining order and tracing criminals, included monitoring public morals. The police had an extensive secret investigation system. The revolutions that the history of this country is famous for have repeatedly changed the structure and foundations of the organization of power, but the role of the police has never weakened.

To date, the French police consists of two main centralized institutions - the National Police and the Gendarmerie. They generally have similar powers. There is also a local municipal police policing small towns.
  The national police is a civic formation that operates in cities and towns with a population of over 16 thousand people. She reports to the French Ministry of the Interior. It is headed by the Directorate General.
The national police has two main areas of activity: it carries out security work (patrolling, checking on the roads, checking documents, etc.), conducts investigative and investigative work under the supervision of the relevant judicial authorities, and performs specific investigative tasks as the “judicial police”. The National Police employs approximately 150,000 people, this number also includes administrative officers and non-police scientific and technical specialists. The National Police are special forces.
  The officers of the National Police (operating operational investigative staff) have 17 ranks, which are divided into four groups: ordinary operational staff - from student to major (something like a warrant officer), command staff - from lieutenant cadet to major, senior command staff - Commissioner and divisional commissioner, senior management - chief controller, chief inspector and director of operational services.
  You can get into the National Police only after passing a competitive exam. Vocational training is provided by specialized schools. The special rank, as in Russia, largely depends on the educational level of the employee.
  The gendarmerie (from the French gens d’armes - “people of arms” or “armed retinue”) is a police force that was subordinate to the Ministry of Defense until January 1, 2010. The gendarmes retained the status of military personnel, and, as a whole, the army order of the device was preserved in this system. The gendarmerie performs police functions mainly in rural areas and small settlements. In France, this is 90% of the country, which is home to about 50% of the total population.
Historically, gendarmes have a higher status than the National Police. They appeared in the XIII century and were a division of the royal knightly guard. In the 15th century, gendarmes are noblemen who are part of selected parts of heavy cavalry. They constituted the main striking force of the French army. The gendarmerie was first used as a police force in 1791, when it was necessary with an iron hand to stop the revolutionary chaos in the country.
  Today the French gendarmerie also includes departmental and mobile gendarmerie.
  The departmental gendarmerie is engaged in daily police work and conducts investigative activities in a specific area. For example, road gendarmerie, sea gendarmerie.
The mobile gendarmerie is engaged in the maintenance of public order, can carry out auxiliary work, and perform special duties.
  This service has its own special forces. The French gendarmerie employs about 104 thousand people.
  Future gendarmes are trained at the Academy of Employees of the National Gendarmerie. Existing employees have ranks. Officers are divided into three groups: junior, senior and highest. On the whole, the gendarmerie can be compared with our internal troops, although, of course, there are a lot of differences between them.
  The salaries of French police do not exceed the size of the average income of residents in this country. In Paris, the trainee of the National Police receives about 1,660 euros per month, and the major - from 3,100 to 3,700 euros, while the average salary in France is about 3,900 euros. Police officers use a system similar to our state social security system.