What is the name of the triangular roof of the house. Roofs of private houses: how to make the right choice. Multi-gable roofs: beautiful options and unusual solutions

The roof is a significant item in the home construction budget. Various types of roofs are fundamentally different in design, which affects the cost of construction, which may be quite affordable or, on the contrary, cause a shock. The type of roof and the angle of inclination of its slope also affect the possibility of arranging the attic and shape the appearance of the whole house.

Various types of roofs of private houses have a configuration of varying degrees of complexity, ranging from the simplest one - flat to complex combined structures.

Flat roof , the device of which belongs to the least complex, and, therefore, the most attractive solutions from a financial point of view. Floor elements laid on load-bearing walls are, in fact, a roof. Typically a flat roof has a slight slope (up to 3%) to drain rainwater.

A pitched roof is a generalized concept for roofs with inclined planes, which are based on rafters and lathing. This category is presented in several variants.

A pitched roof is a kind of intermediate solution between a flat and a gable roof. Relatively simple design, typical for the construction of outbuildings and country houses. It, like a flat one, consists of one slope, but differs in the angle of inclination, as well as a separate structure of the floor and roof. A gable roof allows you to conveniently equip an area on the second floor, which is not limited to slopes, as in the case of, for example, gable roofs, and, as a rule, provides the same amount of space as on the first floor. Recently, they are often used in large houses, where the area allows you to create several blocks with roofs located at different levels.

The device of a pitched roof depends on the size of the building and the expected angle of inclination of the slope. Below are the most common designs:

1. Rafter structure - The rafters are supported on an outer wall. This kind of wooden roof structure is simple to implement and does not create high costs. Can be performed on buildings in which the wall span does not exceed 6 meters.
2. Rafter structure with struts - an inclined beam strengthens and stiffens the frame. With its help, you can make a roof on a building with a wall span of up to 7 meters.
3. Roof structure with truss truss - this kind of roof structure can be used on roofs with a span of up to 12 m. The wooden structure is additionally supported by pillars that provide it with greater rigidity.

Gable roof

A gable roof is a structure with opposite slopes connected in a ridge. A characteristic feature is the presence of triangular pediments of the side walls, which cover the roof in planes perpendicular to the ridge. There are main types of gable roofs - symmetrical (when the sections are equal and inclined at the same angle) or asymmetrical.

This design is characteristic of traditional architecture, but is also present in modern, minimalist buildings, primarily due to its simplicity, which affects the convenience and reduced construction costs. In houses where the angle of inclination of the roof is 35 - 45 °, an attic is usually equipped. A gable roof has many advantages, the most important of which are:

• due to the possibility of adapting the attic for residential purposes, they receive additional space;
• a simple design makes it easier to build a house, and also allows you to add a garage or a shed to the building without any special difficulties;
• large and simple area facilitates roofing;
• when carrying out roofing work on a gable roof, little waste of materials is obtained, therefore the choice of coverage is unlimited;
• this type of roof also provides effective removal of snow and rainwater.

It is also important for the building that due to the strong slope, ventilation between the roof and the wind insulation is much easier than in the case of other types of roofs.

The hip roof is a four-slope structure, where two of the four slopes are trapezoidal, and two more are triangular. It is these triangular slopes that are called hips, which gave the name to the structure. The slopes, converging to the short ridge, are usually inclined at one angle. The truss structure uses beams and double tightening. This construction is recommended for single-storey buildings, which gives beautiful proportions. Despite the presence of an attic, a reasonable arrangement of the attic in this case is not an easy task. The interior design is hampered by numerous bevels. Usually, the functionality of the attic is improved by increasing the angle of inclination of the ramp, but in the case of a four-slope design, this can not be achieved much. The best solution is to install roof windows, which will visually increase the volume of the room.

A hip roof is more expensive and more difficult to implement than a gable roof. The implementation is hampered, in particular, by the angles at which the planes converge. This is a job for highly qualified roofers. Also, roofing work requires the use of solutions that increase the cost of construction. When using sheet roofing, a lot of waste remains, so it is better to use piece roofing materials, which will reduce losses. Having mounted a reinforced rafter system, you can even use ceramic tiles. The hip roof has subspecies.

The semi-hip roof is characterized by beveled corners, and truncated triangles located on the end walls. It is a good option for investors looking for a way to get rid of the monotony.

Such constructions are typical for regional architecture. They can be found, in particular, in the mountains.

The truncated triangles of the half-hip roof reduce the roof surface and strengthen the edges of the frame, thereby protecting the house from strong winds. The optimum slope angle of such a roof is 35 °, which allows water and snow to be removed, while not limiting the choice of roofing.

Installation of such a roof is easier than a hip roof and only slightly more difficult than a gable roof. At the same time, it looks aesthetically pleasing and has a comfortable attic in which an attic can be arranged. However, special attention should be paid to the careful implementation of thermal insulation at the joints of the slopes.

Hip roof is a specific type of hip roof, which is used in buildings that have a square or regular rectangle at the base. They do not have a ridge, their slopes converge at one point, forming the so-called ridge knot. Visually, this design resembles a pyramid. Looks great as a covering of a one-story building built in a classic style.

Hipped roofs are often used as covering for free-standing garages, farm buildings, shops. Sometimes they are used as coverings for turrets and other elements in more architecturally complex buildings. It must be remembered, however, that although they are visually attractive, the cost of making them is always higher than in the case of conventional gable structures.

Traditionally, a multi-gable roof is called a roof formed by a varied combination of gable roofs. It consists of many planes of different sizes, shapes and angles of inclination. Most often they are triangular or trapezoidal, sometimes rectangular. The roof is beautifully presented but has too many building complexities. To drain water from the entire surface, it is necessary to install additional drains and drain pipes. The complex shape of the roof increases its cost. A large number of slopes is associated with a large consumption of roofing material. At least the purchase of a large number of ribs, valleys and a ridge will be a significant expense. A large number of bends also contribute to the increased weight of the roof covering. This, in turn, is associated with the need for a more powerful and more stable rafter system. To complete all work, highly qualified masters are needed. Plus, a multi-gable roof looks good on a large building on a large site. In a small area, this is rather impractical - it will visually reduce the entire territory.

An example of a sloping roof is a mansard roof - this is a structure in which each slope consists of two parts: the upper one with a smaller angle of inclination and the lower one with a larger angle. The sloping roof can be two-or four-pitched. The use of this design improves the operational properties of the attic - the usable area increases. A sloping roof most often has a lower inclined plane at an angle of 60 °, and the upper one about 30 °; layered rafters are used in the rafter system. It is best to use flexible shingles as a roof.

The disadvantage of this option is a more complex and difficult construction, as well as the need for very careful preparation of the coating. Leaks may occur at the fracture sites. Also, the complexity of its implementation lies, in particular, in the appropriate arrangement of the rafters. In any case, it is better to entrust the installation to specialists.

Dome and tapered roofs

Dome and conical structures are associated mainly with architectural monuments. However, these types of roofs are also used in the construction of private houses, in particular on all kinds of superstructures and annexes (turrets, drums, belvederes). They are mounted over multifaceted or round structures. Roof systems for domed and conical roofs are used hanging and layered, respectively. For the arrangement of the coating, piece roofing materials are used, as a rule.

Combined roofs

The shape of the roof depends on many factors, including regional conditions and preferences, the type and purpose of the building, and the landscape into which the object should be inscribed. At the same time, home owners and developers strive for originality. This is where combined roofs come in. Most often, such designs are found in cottage villages. The bottom line is to combine several roof structures into one structure to achieve a certain aesthetic effect. Combined roofs are also used in case of building expansion. So, for example, it can be a hip roof over a house, supplemented by a lean-to roof over an attached veranda or a winter garden.

The roof structure and the choice of roofing material are determined at the project stage and depend on the design of the building facade and the roofing technology. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its construction, its construction, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, the degree of capital of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes, called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal edges. Horizontal ribs are called ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the reentrant corners, create valleys and valleys (6). The edges of the roof over the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the outline of the outer walls) or pediment overhangs (11) (located obliquely). The water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and then into the storm sewer.

1) Cornice strip; 2) Sheathing board; 3) Falling bar of counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Ridge seal; 9) Ridge cap; 10) Wind bar; 11) Spillway pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Spillway; 14) Gutter holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper endova; 17) Lower endova; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. In flat roofs, water stagnation on the roof is possible and, as a result, the appearance of leaks in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the ability to use them for various purposes. By design, roofs can be attic (separate) and attic (combined). Attic roofs are either insulated or cold. In non-attic (combined) roofs, the load-bearing elements serve as overlapping the upper floor of the building. Roofs without attic are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. According to the operating conditions, the roofs are exploited and unexploited. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and the material of the roof. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-pitched, gable, three-, four-pitched, multi-pitched (Fig. 2).

Shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for building outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two slope planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A type of gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes, converging at one top point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular slopes is called hip hip (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ( half-hip ), when the pediments are cut (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of a production building with a longitudinal skylight (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building in a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.

Vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross-section can be outlined by an arc of a circle or other geometric curve.

Folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

Domed roof (Fig. 2, k) in outline is a half of a ball with solid support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, m) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is arranged on houses with a complex polygonal plan. Such roofs have a greater number of valleys (inner corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersection of the roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault represents four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, l).

Spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline is a vault resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used for the construction of translucent lanterns.

Spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep triangles-slopes, connected at the apex.

Sloped roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several flat planes resting on load-bearing walls at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls of the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, piece and sheet materials are not used on flat roofs. Here, materials are needed that allow the construction of a continuous carpet (bituminous, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to withstand the thermal and mechanical deformation of the roof base. As a base, use the surface of thermal insulation, bearing plates, screeds.

In individual construction, the roofs shown in Fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they face downwards, they are called gutters, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper edge, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are arranged, through which water is discharged to a certain place and through drainage ditches it leaves the site in street ditches. The slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the roof material, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs must be operated in good condition of the roof, roof supporting structures, normal temperature and humidity conditions in the attic and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (own weight); 2 - temporary loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - exposure to ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space.

Slopes of pitched roofs and their durability

Roof material Slope Service life, year Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles 1:2 40-50 Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets 1:3 40-50 Clay tile 1:1 - 1:2 60 and more Roofing sheet steel black 1:3,5 20-25 Roofing sheet steel, galvanized 1:3,5 30-40 Two-layer roll materials, on mastic 1:7 5-8 Roofing felt on glassine 1:2 3-5 Wooden shingles 1:1,25 5-10

1 - crossbar of the frame (beams, trusses); 2 - bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - screed; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a-d - for pitched roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - a plan of the rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter bar; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - spans of trusses 6 m and more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - brace; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - tightening; 7 - grandmother; 8 - brace.

1 - tightening; 2 - suspension, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roof covering; 9 - two pads; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt pins.

a, b - unventilated; c - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - screed; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof structure

Attic pitched roofs. The attic pitched roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and the attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe lines, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for rooms built into them. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, near the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m for the possibility of periodic inspection of the structures. In winter, heat and moisture penetrate into the attic through the attic floors from the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (frost) will form. When the outside temperature rises, condensation will melt, causing rotting of wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the stairwells, in connection with which the density of the narthex of the doors and hatches leading to the attic becomes important. A very important and effective measure against humidifying the attic space is to ventilate it. For this, ventilation holes are arranged under the cornice (inlets) and in the ridge (exhaust holes), as well as dormer windows. The load-bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The supporting structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of the roof structure depends on the size of the span to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and struts. They rest on the lower ends of the rafter legs on the rafter beams - Mauerlat, and with the upper ends on a horizontal bar called the upper ridge girder. The role of the Mauerlats is to provide a comfortable support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top girder is supported by uprights that are mounted on internal supports. The distance between the racks carrying the ridge girders is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are installed, located at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Inclined rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden slab rafters prefabricated at the factory have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of individual structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter board, rafter truss. Perhaps such a device of layered rafters made of precast concrete. Roof trusses are used when constructing roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs, connected by a tightening, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). With spans of trusses of 6 m or more, a crossbar is cut in, and with a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, which increase the rigidity and reduce the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Roof trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made of beams and planks. Sometimes the elements that absorb tensile forces in the lower chord or struts are made of steel. Such farms are called metal-wood. With four-pitched or more complex roof shapes, diagonal slant rafter legs are introduced, forming triangular slopes in plan, the so-called hips.

Inclined rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The step of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the sheathing elements. When making rafters from beams 180 - 200 mm thick, they are placed every 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - every 1 - 1.5 m.In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on internal walls. On these walls, benches are laid, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a girder is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of the slopes of the roof, the roof rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see Section 4, g). To protect the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs are tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with wire twists. All rafters are fastened with nails, bolts, brackets. Reinforced concrete roof systems consist of reinforced concrete panels, supported at the top by a ridge reinforced concrete run, and below by the exterior walls of the building. The ridge run is supported by pillars installed after 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are arranged on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.

At present, complex multi-component binders can be used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete bases. Before laying the roof, a cement or asphalt screed is placed on the panels. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as the layered rafters, that is, from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted spike, and the lower ends are cut into the tightening with a frontal cut and fastened with bolts.

Attic roofs. Roofs without attic are classified as non-ventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Non-ventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be performed with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of the combined roof are flooring, insulation, vapor barrier and roof (Fig. 7).

The flooring is made of large-sized reinforced concrete slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on the mastic is provided to protect the thermal insulation from moisture by water vapor penetrating from the inside. As a heater, plate and bulk heat-insulating materials are used. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. A roof is arranged along the screed. It is made of rolled roofing materials in several layers. Stick them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of sand or fine-grained gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Non-ventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Manufactured at the factory, such panels are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and below and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous air layers that dry out the coating in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof structure consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

• a supporting element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to the ceiling of the upper floor;
• vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing material on mastic;
• insulation - slabs of aerated concrete or backfill from expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
• roofing made of rolled material made of roofing material, roofing felt, etc .;
• a protective layer made of fine gravel or sieved slag embedded in the coating layer of bitumen.

With a non-ventilated roof, a cement screed is arranged on the insulation. If the roof is not ventilated, the screed on the insulation is made of cement mortar. The roof guard consists of struts and struts and has the form of a vertically placed steel grate. Racks and struts have bends at the bottom - the legs with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with wood grouses driven into the roof lathing through the holes in the legs of the struts and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of the drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already obsolete, but, nevertheless, not canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and limitations of the applicable standards:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 "Residential buildings";
• SNiP 2.08.02-89 "Public buildings and structures";
• SNiP 2.09.04-87 "Administrative and domestic buildings";
• SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings" instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85 *
• Entered into force on January 1, 2002 by the decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 03.19.2001 N20;
• SNiP II-26-76 “Roofs” (the new version of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
• SNiP II-3-79 *, 1996. "Construction heat engineering";
• SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulation and finishing coatings";
• SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures."

The roof is considered to be as important in the structure of the house as the base and walls. It belongs to the number of load-bearing structures, therefore, it must meet a number of requirements: to be strong, reliable, durable, well insulated, have good heat and sound insulation. Which roofs to choose is the prerogative of the poor homeowner. The main thing here is not to make a mistake in choosing. The roof must also correspond, in terms of the type of shape, to be fireproof.

To make these requirements easier to fulfill, before creating a house project, you need to select the shape in advance, calculate the height, and select the appropriate materials for its construction.

What forms are there?

There are several types of roof shapes. The choice should be based on design features:

• Shed... One roofing plane resting on two outer walls of unequal heights. It is used for utility rooms (shed) and garages.
• Gable... It has 2 planes, which, as in the first case, are supported by 2 external wall structures, but of the same height. The planes are designed at a certain angle in relation to each other.
• Hip... It has slopes on the front side in the form of a triangle. The side walls also look like a truncated triangle or a trapezoid.
• Half hip... Consists of 2 slopes. The end surfaces are triangular in shape.
• Broken... A very complex roof model. At the bottom, the slopes are triangular, at the top they are connected, and always at an obtuse angle.
• Tent... It is also not without difficulties. It is a rectangular structure with 4 slopes of the same size.
• Cruciform... Used when the house has a complex shape. A design engineer should make calculations and a project in this type. This is explained by the fact that the cruciform shape of the roof provides for the calculation and installation of gutters. It is important to place them correctly in the structure. Otherwise, leaks cannot be avoided.

There are many roof shapes. Here you need to learn not only to choose the shape, but also to correctly calculate the roof structure. Only then will the roof perform the functions assigned to it.

Why do you need to calculate the height and how to do it correctly?

The roof is the part of the house that is more likely to be exposed to atmospheric conditions. With an incorrectly selected angle of inclination, and, accordingly, the height, the risks that due to the impact of strong winds and precipitation, its integrity will be violated. We'll have to carry out roof repairs to fix problems - this is the best case. At worst, you will have to build it from scratch.

Role of height indicators

You can not neglect the standards when creating a project. The reliability of the structure and the health of those who will live there depend on this. Below are a number of arguments that can 100% confirm the correctness of the above and the importance of the correct calculation of the roof height for the construction of the house:

• Reliability and durability. Correctly calculated and selected height will allow the roof to be resistant to external, weather influences, resistance to increased loads, for example, roofing, insulation.
• Aesthetics. Appearance plays an important role. If its height does not correspond to the structure of the house, then such a roof will not look aesthetically pleasing.
• Convenience. With the right height, you can build an attic.

The highest point is called the ridge.... This is the point where all the sloped planes of the roof join. If its height is chosen incorrectly, then there is a risk that the roof will not serve the period for which the owner of the house was calculated. Ridge height parameters must strictly correspond to the technological process.

How to calculate the roof height?

Video tutorial on finding

What determines the height of the ridge?

An important parameter in the calculation is the slope angle. There is a list of factors on which it is based mainly on atmospheric influences :

• winds, if they rage often in the region, then the slope angle should be 10-20 degrees;
• precipitation in areas where they fall abundantly above 45 degrees;
• snow - in very snowy winters, the angle of inclination may be similar to the previous point.

Tip

More detailed regulatory data can be taken from the requirements of SNiP 2301-99.

Choice of height by type of roof

Here, height calculations are carried out taking into account the type of coverage:

• If there are many piece elements in roof materials, the angle of inclination should be chosen as large as possible.
• If the roof structure is low, joints should be kept to a minimum.
• For very heavy roofing masses, the largest slope is chosen so that the weight can be evenly distributed over the entire surface.

Calculation parameters taking into account the width of the building

Here the cross-section of the structure is represented as an equilateral triangle. Where the height parameter is the leg. Further, the calculation is made as follows:

When purchasing a roof covering, you need to pay attention to weight. For example, let's compare two popular types - metal and ceramic tiles. The latter is 10 times heavier than the first time. And this plays a significant role in the design of rafters.

Many buyers make the mistake of buying cheaper coverage - it is often of poor quality, which means it will not last long.

What materials can you use?

The list of roof coverings is quite wide. Each has its own advantageous characteristics and disadvantages.

Roofing materials

Metal tiles are the most popular over the years

Ceramic tile

Produced for a long time - more than 100 years. Significantly improves the appearance of the facade in comparison with the clay counterpart. Is considered:

• Reliable coverage.
• It has a long service life.
• It is characterized by high strength.
• Not affected by moisture.
• Provides absolute UV protection.

With all the advantageous characteristics, it also has several disadvantages:

• high cost;
• large mass.

Ceramic tile - produced for over 100 years

Ondulin

Enjoys a reputation. Positions in quality and consumer demand:

• reliable;
• moisture resistant;
• lasting;
• protects against UV;
• well tolerates high loads;
• resistant to mechanical stress;
• endowed with waterproofing properties;
• fireproof;
• not subject to corrosion;
• has good flexibility.

Installed on a flooring set of strip strips.

Ondulin - enjoys a reputation

Slate

The cheapest roofing material:

• service life - 40 years or more;
• moisture resistant;
• withstands mechanical stress;
• well withstands high loads, for example, a snow layer.

Disadvantages:

• In the course of long-term use, its edges begin to crumble;
• In places where it is constantly shaded, lichen begins to appear.

Slate is the cheapest roofing material

Corrugated board

Roofers often work with this material claiming that it is reliable and very durable. In comparison with metal tiles, it has wider sheets, and also:

• small specific gravity;
• high strength indicators;
• considered an environmentally friendly coating;
• has a wide selection of colors;
• it can be installed in any weather conditions.

How to choose a corrugated board?

What to look for?

Disadvantages:

• makes a lot of noise if it rains;
• complex roof shapes require a lot of material;
• subject to corrosion during operation;
• places of drilling or cuts need additional processing;
• requires the laying of a hydraulic layer to prevent condensation;
• requires additional insulation.

Decking - reliable and very durable

Flexible roof tiles

A seamless coating based on bitumen-impregnated glass fibers. The outer part is treated with basalt, painted in different colors:

• has high strength;
• endowed with good sound and heat insulation properties;
• provides excellent sealing.

From all this list, you can choose any roofing material. Which one will be the best for you to choose.

Shingles - fiberglass-based seamless roofing

The choice of insulation - which is better?

When choosing a good insulation, refer not only to the cost price, but also to the technical and operational characteristics. And also on the complexity of installation. The insulation can be laid with your own hands, although in some cases you will need to use special equipment. Criteria for choosing a good insulation:

• thermal conductivity coefficient - the smaller it is, the better;
• moisture resistance;
• lifetime;
• stability of shape and appearance;
• heat insulator weight;
• resistance to low temperature indicators;
• sound insulation properties;
• environmental friendliness.

Insulation - mineral wool

Advantageous characteristics:

• high coefficient of thermal insulation;
• cost;
• mineral wool does not burn;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of laying;
• biostability - does not undergo putrefaction, it will not be damaged by rodents or insects;
• has good vapor permeability;
• the sound insulation coefficient is high;
• does not lose shape.

Roof insulation

What is needed for this?

When installing mineral wool insulation, it is imperative to provide a vapor barrier and waterproofing layers. And also take care of the organization of ventilation gaps. This will prevent condensation from forming. If this is not done, then the rafters will begin to rot over time.

Glass wool

In terms of its thermal insulation properties, it is close to mineral wool, it has been used as a heat insulator for a long time. Made of fused glass. It goes on sale in roll form, it is characterized as a good, environmentally friendly and non-combustible material.

When using this insulation, you should protect your hands, body and eyes with special equipment. Observe the installation technology during installation.

If you buy glass wool without a foil-clad outer coating (this is an improved type that has been used recently by many manufacturers), then you should take care of laying a vapor barrier layer from the same foil.

Expanded polystyrene

He polystyrene is used very often in wall insulation and as a heat insulator for the roof:

• It is characterized as a material with high thermal insulation properties.
• Resistant to moisture.
• Does not absorb steam, which means it can be laid directly on the waterproofing, there is no need to organize an air gap.

When laying polystyrene in pitched forms of the roof, it is imperative to ensure that the edges of the material fit snugly against it. After installation, the seams must be treated with polyurethane foam.

The material is flammable and vapor-proof, which means that it cannot be used in the insulation of flat roofs.

Polyurethane foam

Also good for roof insulation. The list of its advantages includes:

• low thermal conductivity;
• light weight;
• good sound insulation;
• biostability;
• good waterproofing properties.

The material is endowed with sufficient rigidity. Well cut, drilled. Does not lose forms during service.

Polyurethane foam insulation can be stacked (tiled form) or sprayed on (liquid form).

Polyurethane foam - the material is endowed with sufficient rigidity

Ecowool

Made from paper. Refers to environmentally friendly roofing insulation. Endowed with good sound and heat insulation qualities. In order for the material not to be combustible and not to be damaged by rodents and insects, ecowool manufacturers treat it with defenseless substances and antipyrine.

It belongs to the lightest and cheapest types of insulation. Sold in liquid form. when using it as insulation for the roof (between the rafters), it is necessary to create some closed boxes. Ecowool is blown into them so that it not only fills the space, but all kinds of cracks. Disadvantages - the use of special equipment in the installation work.

There are other ways to insulate the roof.

Ecowool - made of paper

Roof painting - nuances, methods, features

The roof is covered with different materials, the peculiarity of the work and the expediency of using painting depends on this:

1 Slate... Initially it looks good. Over time, it fades, lichen islands begin to appear on its surface. You can prevent these manifestations by painting it with water dispersion or acrylic paint. They are resistant to external and weather factors. True, before this, the coating should be tinted.

2 Corrugated board... It is rarely repainted. During production, they are coated with a colored polymer-based coating. They paint it only in the process of restoration or restoration work.

3 Sheet metal... It can be painted, but before that you need to treat the surface with an anti-corrosion primer.

The roof is painted in two ways - manual or machine. Before the procedure, you should adhere to the following requirements:

• Do not paint the roof in bad weather, especially when it rains. This is best done in the spring in April or May, in the fall in September or October. During these periods, the coloring layer will have the best adhesion, which means it will last a long time.
• In the summer, it is generally not recommended to paint because of the heat.
• Carry out the painting in non-slip and non-scratching shoes.
• If work is performed at a high altitude, you need to take care of your own safety by tying yourself with a rope to the rafters or beam.
• It is highly discouraged to hook the safety rope to the chimney - the support is unreliable and may not support the weight of the body.

How many layers should the roof be painted?

In order for the paint layer to be stronger and look proper, at least 2 layers of paint should be applied:

• At the first application, you need to take 700 grams of drying oil for each kilogram of paintwork, mix and only then paint.
• When painting again, for each kilogram of paint, you need to take already 5000 grams of drying oil.

Application technology - or how long to wait between the first and second painting:

• After applying the first layer, you need to wait a week for it to dry well.
• The second layer will dry for 3 days longer, that is, in total it is 10 days.
• If you decide to apply the 3rd layer, then you need to use and wait just such a time frame.

How to match the color for the roof and facade?

You can order a ready-made turnkey project, but such a service is not available to everyone. You can consider all possible options in another way - by creating a template. To do this, the flat projection of your facade must be translated into tracing paper. (you can also use plastic wrap), and then using the color substitution method, choose a shade, manufacturer.

Even if everything goes well with the color, the chosen option will suit you in all respects, you do not need to run and buy all the coloring material. First you need to paint a small piece of the facade and roof in the selected colors.

The final shade assessment is influenced by:

• surface texture;
• base type;
• lighting.

Look at them at different times of the day and weather conditions:

• in the morning before sunrise;
• during the day in good lighting;
• in the evening, when only the lights are on;
• on a cloudy day.

The disadvantage of this matching method is that it can test a limited number of colors.

When building a house, such an important detail of the entire structure as the roof is of great importance for the aesthetic perception of the building and protection from unpleasant weather conditions. The most different types of roofs, depending on the form factor, type, size, as well as design features, require appropriate building materials and complex calculations of loads on various elements of the roof structure.

To answer the question, what are the forms of the roof, consider some of them. Depending on the angle of inclination, roofs are distinguished in two main categories:

Flat roof

Flat roofs - the angle of inclination of such roofs is usually 2 - 3 degrees, if we relate this angle to the horizon. The use of such roofs in the construction of private houses is very rare. This is due to the fact that the maintenance of roofs of this form becomes problematic. In rainy periods, water stagnates on the roof, and in the winter season, accumulated snow will need to be removed by yourself.

Apparently, due to these reasons, such types of roofs are not widespread in private construction, although they may have some positive aspects. When erecting this type of roof, you can significantly save on building materials, and use the resulting additional area with benefit, arranging a recreation area for your loved ones and guests or a small beautiful garden.

Sloped roofs - these types of roofs are very practical to use, usually the angle of inclination of such roofs can start from 10 degrees or more. In the winter season and in rainy seasons, atmospheric precipitation does not accumulate on it; along the slopes, snow or rainwater quietly leaves along the drainage systems. It is for this reason that the use of pitched roofs has gained such popularity in private construction.

What are the roofs of houses with pitched surfaces? To answer this question, consider some types of roofs of this type:

• single slope;
• steep gable;
• gently sloping gable;
• broken (attic) gable;
• semi-hip hip;
• hip hip;
• hip hip.

One of the most convenient in construction are single-pitched roofs, with a slope of no more than 4 - 6 degrees. Such roofs are mainly erected in garages, sheds and other outbuildings. It is quite easy to install single-pitched roofs, but they are still rarely found in suburban or suburban construction of residential buildings, mainly, this type of roof is used for outbuildings.

If it becomes necessary to use the attic space, then they build an attic roof, which can be gable and have broken lines of the roof contour. The hip roof is very practical to use; these types of roofs cope well with various types of loads, including wind loads. But this type of roof is not as easy to install as the previous ones. Much more building materials are consumed for its construction and a competent team of professionals is required to do everything very accurately and correctly. Below we will take a closer look at the different types and structures of roofs.

When choosing a roof and its type, all factors must be taken into account. Don't just look at the characteristics of the lifespan or other practical parameters, but also consider what appearance and shape your roof will have in terms of aesthetics and artistic value.

For example, a mansard roof looks not only aesthetically beautiful due to its broken shapes, but it is also very practical to use. If there is a lot of snow, then the snow masses will not linger on such a roof.

What types of roofs are there? Let's look at them in more detail.

The most popular types of roofs of houses today

The popularity of one or another type of roof is often explained either by the ease of its creation, or by the economic factor, or by the climatic conditions of the area. Let's briefly talk about what roofs are and why they are so good and popular today.

Gable roof

It is not at all surprising that this particular type of roof comes first. Even in antiquity, our ancestors built houses, namely, with gable roofs, and only then Western trends came to Russia, such as mansard roofs or domed ones, as well as hip roofs.

This is one of the most popular and comfortable roofs for private houses. A roof with two slopes resting on the same height of the wall and forming a space in the form of a triangle (tongs) is sometimes called a "gable roof". The installation of such a roof is much more difficult than the construction of a pitched roof, but the choice of roofing material for it is simplified. It is not inferior to it in functional characteristics: it also easily copes with snow, rain, and wind. In terms of design, a gable roof looks much better than a pitched roof.

Hip roof

Hip roofs already have 4 slopes, of which two are trapezoidal, and two are triangular.
This type of roof got its name from the word "hips", which means triangular slopes, which are located on the front side. In the construction of such a roof, beams and double tightening are used. In addition, the mandatory equipment of gutters for each slope follows, the slope of which is usually made up to 45 degrees. Only a steep enough slope will be able to divert both water and snow, as well as withstand strong gusty winds. The construction of hip roofs requires a lot of labor, since a rather complex rafter system is used.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are another type of hip roof, which differs from hip roof in that it has a truncated triangular slope, usually located higher than the trapezoidal slopes. Its only drawback is the high consumption of material for covering those roofing areas that are adjacent to the edges of the roof.

Mansard roof or sloping

Also applies to gable roofs with broken slope lines. Such kinks increase the area and volume of the attic, which is commonly called the attic. The pentagonal gables of the mansard roofs attract the eye of almost all passers-by. It is not very difficult to build such a roof. However, during construction, you are unlikely to do without insulating your attic.

The cost of the roof is approximately 15 to 20% of the total cost of building the entire house. Creating an attic under the roof is the most economical option for obtaining additional premises. Therefore, it is very appropriate to slightly increase the cost of the attic, which will give you another full floor. And there you can arrange summer bedrooms and lounges for young family members and guests.

But why does an attic increase costs compared to building a simple attic? This is connected, of course, with the need to insulate the roof, living quarters require this. Additional infusions will be required and due to the inevitable complication of the structure of the roof with an attic, there can be no struts and stretch marks that would be located in the living rooms themselves. For these purposes, they came up with such a roof shape (in the form of an attic) with braces and racks above the ceiling of residential premises.

The presence of the attic floor makes it necessary to place a layer of thermal insulation under the roof, and therefore a multi-layer roof appears. Thermal insulation material with inner sheathing is usually attached to the rafters (to the inside), and from the outside, the sheathing is mounted and the direct roof covering is laid. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the rafter structures due to the multi-layer roof. This can be done by increasing the number of rafters, while reducing the distance between them. The use of metal truss structures can be considered a successful solution to this problem.

One of the important positive aspects of the attic roof can be considered that the arrangement of the attic can be done later, since the space of the resulting attic will no longer require major complex work.

If you have a desire to save money, but at the same time build a two-story mansion, then we recommend that you take a closer look at the attic roof type. This is a great option!

Flat roof

Previously, flat roofs were not popular in private housing construction. But recently, interest in flat roofs has grown again and is in the field of vision of modern architects and designers. Flat roofs are unique because of their flat surface. On such a roof, you can set up a flower garden, arrange a sports field or a small pool. This solution is especially suitable for areas with a warm climate. Although in central Russia you can apply this roof option if you use a special system of removable canopies. They will be able to protect the desired part or the entire flat roof from annoying rainfall.

There are many different types of such awnings, but transparent glass structures are especially attractive. They provide additional light to the upper rooms of your house, you can use special lamps for evening lighting. And here you can also find a great place for solar panels and water heaters, if needed.

The advantages of flat roofs include small costs for its construction, since the cost is reduced due to the reduction in the total roof area and the absence of complex rafter structures.

Many do not dare to erect such roofs, fearing problems with the drainage system. But you should not be afraid of this, the device of drainage from a flat roof is no more difficult to perform than the creation of a storm sewer. And the roof itself should have a slight, barely noticeable slope so that the water that appears can drain to the drainage systems. Drainage systems are usually arranged outside and inside the house.

Many people find it convenient to combine storm sewers with the internal sewerage of a building, but do not forget to take into account the level of precipitation in your area.

The disadvantages of a flat roof include the problem with thermal insulation. It is difficult to cope with the strong heating of living quarters during the hot season, but it is not difficult to create a cold protection system (as in the mansard roof version).

If the attic is the "heat exchanger" in a pitched roof, then in a house with a flat roof you have to create it in a special way. The main thing is to know that between the ceiling of the living rooms and the roof of the roof there must be ventilation, in any form. Create a small ventilated attic or special ventilation ducts that are best positioned under the roofing material.

Less popular, but no less interesting types of roofs of houses

In this section, we will consider what types of roofs are there, besides the most popular and widely known among the population of our country. This group represents types and structures of roofs of unusual and beautiful shapes, but requiring practical skills to create them. What are the forms of the roof of the original structures and where they can be used, we will briefly present below in the text.

Shed roof

A characteristic feature of this type of roof is that it has a rafter system that rests on walls of different heights, and since one wall is slightly higher than the other, due to this, a slope is formed. Such roofs are easy enough to erect, and to cover them, you can use inexpensive and reliable materials such as ondulin, slate, roofing material. The convenience of such roofs is obvious, precipitation does not accumulate on them, flowing smoothly in the direction of the slope. Therefore, you can clearly understand where to install water drains, ensuring the building is dry.

The truth and disadvantages are obvious. One of the most important is that the room will be without an attic. Today, it is very rare to see private houses that would have a pitched roof.

Hipped roof

It usually has four slopes of identical triangles that converge at one top point. If you like houses in the shape of an equilateral polygon (for example, a square), then a hipped roof, which looks like a tent and looks great, will help you out. However, it is not easy to mount such a roof; it has a very complex rafter system.

Multi-gable roof

A standard roof of this type (also called a valley) has a very complex structure: a large number of external edges and valleys (internal corners) at the junction of the slopes. When erecting such a roof, be sure to contact specialists who have experience in installing it. The multi-gable roof is used for the construction of polygonal houses, which have many different annexes and side attics.

Dome roof

Dome-shaped roofs usually cover only part of the building, rarely the whole structure. During its construction, a frame of curved elements is used, and both soft materials (glass-insulated, roofing material, bituminous tiles) and flexible materials (galvanized steel or plastic tiles) are used to cover the roof. Some lovers of the old and unique style still decorate their "castles" with domed roofs of various sizes.

Spherical roof

Spherical roof construction has become a little more popular lately. Under this type of roof, gazebos are usually placed, as well as other types of buildings (stadiums, cathedrals and churches), which also have a roof or dome type. Therefore, it cannot be said that this type of roof has no use at all.
But still it loses very significantly to such types of roofs as a gable roof, or a mansard roof.

Green roof

The green roof has natural soil and planted greens as roofing, while the plants grow on the same well-groomed

soil. A green roof has all the positive properties of flat roofs, but when creating

eliminate its main drawback (difficulty with ventilation) using a special ventilation gasket. This pad not only limits the growth of plant roots, but also allows you to conserve the water necessary for the life of green spaces. In addition, which is also important, it also serves to aerate the root system of the green lawn.

Another plus can be considered the fact that a green roof is a very unique phenomenon for almost any area in our country. The popularity of flat roofs will undoubtedly grow from year to year along with the development of the latest technologies in this direction. If you have a desire to be the owner of a "trendy" roofed home, then create your dream with a lovely comfortable flat green roof.

Roofing types in terms of materials to cover

Having decided on the type of roof attic, gable, and perhaps domed, it is necessary to select the appropriate materials that are optimal for each type. What kind of roofs are there, and what material they are covered with - we will try to answer these questions in this section.

Common today are the five types of roofs most applicable in construction - roll, from materials based on various mastics, typesetting types (sheet), as well as membrane. Let's consider them in more detail.

Roll roofs

To make this type of roof, special bituminous and polymeric materials are used, in which cardboard and fiberglass serve as the base. In the process of making such materials, special modifiers are added, which then give the entire material water resistance, heat resistance, and other useful properties. It can also be noted that these additives protect the material from cracking, which of course has a positive effect on their service life.

When installing such a roof, the roll is unwound and laid in several layers, usually from 3 to 4. But not just laid, but glued to each other with mastic or fused on top of each other.

This type of roofing would be versatile, easy to install, very inexpensive, but it has some drawbacks. This material is not very attractive in appearance, this material can be rotting. Therefore, such roofing material is often used to cover sheds or other utility rooms, which are usually made with a pitched roof.

Membrane roofs

This type of roof covering has a very high puncture resistance or tensile strength. Membrane coatings are used for installation on roofs with slight slopes. You can cover the roof with this material quickly enough. And excellent protective properties will keep the roofs intact for a long time.

Sheet roofing materials

This type of roofing includes already more modern types, such as metal tiles, artificial slate made of bitumen and corrugated cardboard sheets.

• Artificial slate can be found on many roofs, it is a sheet of asbestos cement, has a waveform that can be painted in a variety of colors. The paint, of course, is very decorating, this type of coating, the material takes on a wonderful appearance. Good characteristics at temperature extremes can also speak in favor of this coating. And the service time is long enough and can be up to 40 years.
• Metal roofing is a very popular material today, it can be observed on various types and shapes of roofs, be it a hip roof or a mansard roof. These are galvanized sheets that have a special decorative polymer coating and this coating reliably protects the roof from most types of adverse weather effects.
• Bituminous cardboard sheets - made of pressed cardboard, which is impregnated with bitumen. The thicker the outer layer, the longer this type of coating will last. Such sheets were also included in the "people" under the name "euro slate". Its main advantages are ease of working with this material, good enough elasticity. But in terms of service life, this material loses to the rest. Euroslate "lives" on average 30 years.

Roofs made of piece roofing materials

The main and main representative of the piece material is ceramic tiles. This material is still very popular, although it is already several thousand years old. Until now, it can be seen on all shapes and types of roofs. The performance characteristics of this material are very high. Ceramic tiles do not require constant maintenance, they meet environmental characteristics, and are soundproof. And also has the ability not to accumulate static stress, as in other materials.

Well, the most important feature of this material is its unique durability. In one of the western countries there is even an ancient castle, which is many hundreds of years old, and it still stands under a tiled roof, safe and sound

They say that the disadvantage of ceramic tiles is their high weight. But on the other hand, it is this quality that allows a roof with such a coating to successfully withstand strong snow and wind.

Today, ceramic products are gradually being replaced by similar ones from concrete and various mixtures of cement and sand that are included in the final product. Such analogs may be easier for laying work, but they significantly reduce the service life of the material.

We will also briefly mention this type of material as flexible shingles. It is made from fiberglass, and sometimes cellulose or asbestos cardboard is used. The inner side is covered with a layer of self-adhesive rubber-bitumen, and the front part consists of fine mineral chips. The weight of this coating is very low. And the most important advantage is that it can be easily and quickly replaced without having to dismantle the entire coating.

Sandwich panel roof

It is impossible not to mention such material as sandwich panels. It arose with the recent rapid development of the technology of "fast construction". They are made from 2 sheets of steel, as well as one layer of insulation. The panels have very good strength characteristics and, according to the manufacturers, can even compete with other materials in terms of resistance to temperature changes, in the range from -50 to +50.

Such panels will look good on roofs of different types and types, but they are mainly used in the field of office construction of buildings, retail space, hangars. If desired, such panels can be safely painted in any colors, which, of course, allows you to improve the aesthetic appearance of buildings made of this material.

Basically, such panels, due to their modularity, have proven themselves well in the construction of sheds, utility rooms for household equipment, but you can also find houses made according to this fashion for sandwich panels, which came to us from the west.

With the help of sandwich panels, it is quite easy to erect the roof of a building, while inside the room it will be comfortable and warm in winter, and in summer there will be pleasant coolness. The disadvantages of this material, perhaps, can be attributed only to a relatively short service life, only 30 years.

When getting ready and preparing for the construction of a roof, it is necessary to think over everything to the smallest detail, types and structures of the roof, design and high-quality protection, with or without an attic space. And of course, you need to decide on the choice of suitable materials so that the appearance of the roof pleases the soul and eyes!

So, it has long been known that each house can give information about its owner much more than he can tell about himself. The walls of the house, and especially its roof, will tell not only about wealth, but also about the tastes of its owners. Remember this when choosing a beautiful, comfortable, and most importantly, suitable roof for your future home.