How to make fountain pen ink. Why is the color of ink traditionally blue in pens, and black in printed texts? Equipment and materials

Several years ago, when I became interested in the CISS, I downloaded (for personal use) everything related to the CISS as a vacuum cleaner from the Internet, without mentioning the source and authors.
Now I regret it.
It turned out to be a large archive, I decided to post some articles and photos on the forum.
I think it will be interesting for beginners.

I found an article in my archive about experiments with ink and recipes.
I doubt that there will be people willing to conduct such experiments, but for familiarization, I think it will be useful.

First, I will list the recipes that I found on the net (you probably already met them)

1) Recipe of the Institute of Microelectronics and Informatics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The recipe was developed at the Institute of Microelectronics and Informatics of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Canon BJ 300 printer, where it became widespread. The main component is black chrome dye used in the production of felt boots and tarpaulin boots. Of course, not the most affordable chemical, but if you want, you can get it. The dye is dissolved in distilled water until it is completely saturated (ie, dissolved in water heated to 60-70 degrees "until it stops" and allowed to cool). Then add glycerin. Unfortunately, the proportion of glycerin can only be specified for Canon BJ 300 printers with a resolution of 300 dpi - 40%. Glycerin is added to increase the viscosity of the ink. Obviously, its proportion will have to be selected empirically. Before use, the composition is recommended to be thoroughly filtered.

A comment: Failed to try because I could not get this dye, but I can say that the print will most likely be grayish since the dye is water-soluble.

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:32

Continuation

2) Composition, for Canon BJC-250 40% isopropyl alcohol, 40% medical grade glycerin and 20% dye. As the latter, any liquid, water- and alcohol-soluble dye is suitable, for example, foreign-made ink. You can also use domestic ones, but only after thorough filtration. The cartridge can withstand at least 10 refills with such ink.
Commentary: I have not tried it and I am not going to, Isoproryl alcohol is a highly toxic substance! There are ways and easier to spoil your health!

3) Recipes by Jahen P.A.) I found a recipe for preparing ink for an inkjet printer in the magazine "Radio amateur" 8/96 p. 9: "INK COMPOSITION. Take" Rainbow "ink, add to them 30% (by volume) ethyl alcohol and 5% glycerin. The resulting mixture boil for 10-15 minutes on low heat and filter through a layer of cotton wool. Domestic printheads can withstand 30 ... 35 refills, and imported ones - up to 80. "

A comment: It was on the basis of this recipe that the first experiments were carried out, thanks, Yahenu!
B.) (purple with smoothed dots) Take the Rainbow ink, add 2-3% (by volume) ethyl alcohol to it. Boil the resulting mixture for 10-15 minutes over low heat and filter through a layer of cotton wool. Commentary: The print is really fuzzy, but you cannot leave a cartridge filled with such ink in the printer - they will leak!

Quote: I tested homemade ink. 5% glycerin turned out to be not enough - the ink was flowing, 20% glycerin was the optimal solution. The color came out not black, but gray towards dark green. Quite waterproof. I boiled the ink for one minute, then waited until it cooled to room temperature, filtered it and filled it into the cartridge. More about glycerin. From the letters that I receive, the following conclusions can be drawn: for printers with a resolution of 300 dpi, 40-50% glycerin to the total volume is needed (that is, almost 1/1 is ink / glycerin, plus a little alcohol). 600 dpi printers require 5-20% glycerin.

A comment: Let's start in order:
It is not necessary to boil the ink, in addition, during boiling, some of the alcohol and water will evaporate and, therefore, the viscosity will change!
I DO NOT recommend filtering through cotton wool, it is better to take paper filters for 0.9-0.5 (see below) 40-50 ... 5-20 but how much? For which model? (see below)

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:34

Continuation

And now I bring my technology by stages and recipes:

You will need:
Necessary equipment: several flat-bottomed flasks, a measuring cylinder or beaker, glasses, a funnel, containers for ready-made ink, 20 ml syringes. (If something is missing, any household utensils will do), paper filters with a pore size of 0.9 microns or less ( ideally 0.3 microns, but you will wash with such a filter) Preparation of dishes: wash with soap, wipe dry, scald with boiling water.
Required reagents: GAMMA "rainbow" ink of any desired color (or other water-soluble ink for pens can be Parker, for example :-))), alcohol, glycerin, distilled water (if not, boiled water is suitable), it is also desirable to have a glass cleaner "Ajaks professional" - a transparent bottle with a spray, the liquid itself is blue.
Attention DO NOT use stamp ink !!! It contains adhesive components that will instantly clog the head!
If you use ink not named in the recipes, it should be boiled, if during boiling they curl (coagulate, form a precipitate), such ink cannot be used!
Stages of preparation of ink
a) prepare the components in the specified way
b) mix all the ingredients named in the recipe in the exact proportion
c) filter the mixture through a filter by gravity or with a pump.
d) refill the cartridge

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:38

Continuation

Recipes:(In order of progress of experimentation and improvement)

"Black" ink

* in quotes because our domestic black ink RAINBOW
on closer inspection are somewhat green.

№1
1.27% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 50% by volume
2.18% alcohol
3.55% glycerin
4. Features: faint dark green printing flows from the print head

№2
1.44% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 35% by volume
2.18% alcohol
3.35% glycerin
4.3% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: deep dark green print, almost no flow.

№3
1. 47% black ink "rainbow" evaporated to 25% by volume
2.20% alcohol
3.30% glycerin
4.3% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: almost black print with a shade of dark green, no flow.

№4
1. 40% black ink "PARKER Quink" evaporated to 30% by volume
2.30% alcohol
3.30% glycerin

Characteristics: rich dark gray with a tint of green printing, almost no flow
print quality is good (letters are clearer)

Purple ink
№1
1.27% purple rainbow ink
2.18% alcohol
3.55% glycerin
Features: pale purple print, flowing from snake and print head.

№2
1.45% purple ink "rainbow" evaporated to 50% by volume
2.16% alcohol
3.35% glycerin
4.4% AJAKS remedy
Characteristics: purple, slightly fuzzy printing, flowing from the print head.

№3
1.30% purple rainbow ink evaporated to 20% by volume
2.40% alcohol
3.30% glycerin

Characteristics: high quality purple, print, almost no flow.

№4
1.38% purple ink "rainbow" evaporated to 10% by volume
2.37% alcohol
3.25% glycerin
4. AJAKS can be omitted
Features: deep purple, print, non-flowing.

| Message Sent 01 April 2006 - 11:40

Continuation

Develop your own recipe!

1. choice of dye: first of all, the dye that you will use in your recipe must be water-soluble and not pigment, to check it - drop it on a piece of ordinary (80g / m2) paper, if it soaks and stains it on the back side, then it will most likely work. If ink (dye) remains on one side, and uncolored liquid emerges from the other side, such a dye cannot be used! I must say right away: most building tinting, as well as tinting for car paints are not suitable. And yet - if you are thinking of choosing the colors of Cyan Magnetta Yello (for a color cartridge), you better not try - even the manufacturers of cartridge refills did not succeed, unless you want to constantly print in one color - orange, for example. In the latter case, use Easter or food paints after pre-boiling and filtering. Attention! If you use food coloring, or other mixtures for tinting, carefully read the composition on the package! Dyes containing molasses, sugar, glue and other extraneous components (besides the dye) are not suitable!

2. determination of the viscosity of the finished ink: After the ink is ready, it is necessary to compare their viscosity with the "native ink" for this we take any syringe, for example, 5 ml, put on a needle, turn it over, quickly pour a certain volume of "native ink" ", for example, 3 ml and we note the time for which the ink will flow out - this is the ideal to which the viscosity of homemade ink will need to be adjusted. Attention to determine the viscosity of your ink on the same syringe under the same conditions! .If the viscosity is low - add glycerin, increase the concentration (by evaporation) of the original ink If it is high - add alcohol, AJAKS means (the latter is preferable because it lowers the viscosity without changing the density of the ink) If you have no "native ink" left, the viscosity should be about 3 ml in 10 min.

| Message Sent 02 April 2006 - 10:00 P $ ux

I thought of a Chinese toy "Magic Pen". On the one hand there is a paste with "invisible" ink, on the other - a flashlight in the light of which the ink glows blue. So - from the pen on the paper there is a rather deep mark on which you can read what you have written without resorting to backlighting. How can I put this ink into the printer? : D

| Message Sent 05 April 2006 - 19:31 Episode

P $ ux (Apr 2 2006, 10:00 AM) wrote:

There is an idea to make "invisible" ink.

| Message Sent 05 April 2006 - 19:41 Yuha

V & W, I should have posted on this topic about "viscosity".
Anyway.
I support the idea and method of controlling "fluidity" by the drop-by-drop method. Moreover, this is a professional way.
One of these days I will experiment.

| Message Sent 07 April 2006 - 22:46 SPAWN

There is an idea to make "invisible" ink. They become visible under the influence of radiation.
I thought of a Chinese toy "Magic Pen". On the one hand there is a paste with "invisible" ink, on the other - a flashlight in the light of which the ink glows blue. So - from the pen on the paper there is a rather deep mark on which you can read what you have written without resorting to backlighting. How can I put this ink into the printer? biggrin.gif

| Message Sent 14 April 2006 - 23:09 delfin

How about edible pictures? I heard that there is edible paper (either rice or corn), how about making ink from food dyes (edible), it would be possible to decorate cakes - cute and you can make money on it B)

| Message Submitted 15 April 2006 - 01:46

Need a pastry printer to print on DECOJET EVOLUTION food grade paper
Decojet Evolution uses wafer or sugar paper and edible ink for printing. In addition, a special medium, Shocotransfer, is offered for translating images into chocolate.

Learn to DIY ink

Equipment and materials

1. Ingredients for homemade ink.

2. Instruction or numbering of actions. (follow the instructions)

3. You will need a camera to photograph your result.

Why does the study need materials from other participants

So that everyone knows many ways to make homemade ink.

Research protocol

1 find the ingredients

2. Make ink according to instructions

3. Take a photo of what you need

4. Fill in the form

If you do not know how ink is made, you can choose a method:

Making invisible lemon ink

An entertaining experience To carry out the experiment you will need: half a lemon, cotton wool, a match, a cup of water, a sheet of paper.



Squeeze lemon juice into a cup, add the same amount of water.



Dip a match or a toothpick with cotton wool wrapped in a solution of lemon juice and water and write something on paper with this match.



When the "ink" is dry, heat the paper over a switched on desk lamp. On paper, previously invisible words will appear.

You can make ink using more complex instructions:

● Gallic ink (what is it you can learn on the Internet, books or from relatives).

You will need:

Gauls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

Metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Fold the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of ferrous sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and leave for several hours

The ink is ready.

Here's another way:

● Ink from oak bark solution

You will need:

Oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

To cut the oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and turns dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from shavings.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

The ink is ready.

Milk ink

If you write on plain paper with a brush or a cotton swab dipped in milk, then after drying the inscription becomes colorless. It manifests itself under the influence of high temperature - for this, the paper must be ironed with an iron.

I think the older generation knows this method well from school stories about how grandfather Lenin in prison made an inkwell from bread crumb and wrote his messages with milk at will. And this is not a legend - indeed, among the revolutionaries this method of writing secret messages was in vogue!

Soda ink

Invisible writing is obtained by writing on paper with a 1: 1 solution of baking soda. After drying, the paper is completely colorless.

The inscription appears when exposed to high temperatures (iron with an iron)

Juice ink

Try writing lemon juice on plain paper. Ink is developed after smearing the text with an aqueous solution of iodine (use a cotton pad or cotton wool). Iodine reacts with the starch in the paper and dyes it light purple. And those places where there was juice remain white!

Another variant of manifestation with the help of methyl orange solution (it can be found in the set for children's experiments in chemistry)

You can choose one of the proposed ink options, or you can find the recipe yourself!

Safety engineering

Only carry out the experiment under adult supervision! If you are not sure about something, it is better to check with your parents, teachers, friends, the Internet or look in books.

To make ink or mascara with your own hands, you have to tinker a lot. But if you look at it from the other side, when will we have to do these seemingly simple and mundane things ourselves? Probably only after a global catastrophe or when we are completely cut off from the civilized world. Then we will have a lot of time and, perhaps, there will be a desire to write with ink or ink. But how do you make them? We read below the answer to this question.

How to make ink?

Nut ink
To prepare ordinary office or school ink by insisting or drawing in cold water, take: 3 ink nuts, 2 iron vitriol, 2 gum arabic, 60 water. Nuts are pounded into powder and poured into a glass bottle, poured over with water. In another vessel, iron sulfate and gum arabic are dissolved together or separately. The infusion of nuts should stand for several days until the water has removed all the tannin from it, while the vitriol and gum arabic completely dissolve within a few hours. Both solutions are poured together, mixed well and, after allowing to stand for a day or two, carefully drained to separate the liquid from the sediment.

Alizarin ink
It is completely wrong to call ink by this name, since alizarin is not at all included in their composition. Alizarin ink is also prepared from the extract of ink nuts, and they contain acetic acid. In ordinary ink, the dye is in the smallest particles floating in the liquid. In alizarin ink, from the presence in them of a significant dose of acid and glue, the formation of a precipitate does not occur. Acetic acid, which is part of the ink, has the purpose of dissolving and maintaining the dye in a dissolved form. However, alizarin ink has the disadvantage that it dries quickly, as a result of which it forms a thick mass and the pen often has to be wiped off with a cloth.

For the preparation of "alizarin" ink take: 10 ink nut, 6 iron vitriol, 1 gum arabic, 100 vinegar, 20 indigo carmine solution. The crushed nut is insisted in vinegar for 4 - 6 days, as for vitriol and gum arabic, they are dissolved separately in vinegar, and it is necessary to boil them once. When the liquids are then poured together and strained, then the indigo carmine solution is added. The latter should not be added at once to a large amount, but little by little, and with each addition, shake the solution. You can take ordinary vinegar, but wood-acetic acid is better, as it contains a small amount of carbolic acid, which prevents the formation of mold.

Another recipe for making "alizarin" ink is as follows: 20 ink nut, 5 gum arabic, 5 wood vinegar, 2 ½ indigo carmine, 50 water. Ink nut is insisted for a week in half of vinegar and water. At the same time, a solution of iron in vinegar is prepared; for this you need to take some kind of wooden dish, pour in the rest of the vinegar and put in it various old iron, for example, nails, horseshoes, hoops, etc. After three days, drain the liquid and strain, dissolve gum arabic in an infusion of ink nut and connect everything filtered together. Add indigo carmine to the finished nuts as much as is necessary to give the ink the desired strength of blue-green color. Steel nibs are less damaged by the presence of the iron-acetic salt in this ink.

How do I save ink?

If the ink is not well clogged, it will mold, especially if it is in a humid place. Some substances tend to prevent the appearance of mold: these include, first of all, creosote, formalin, carbolic and salicylic acid. For ordinary office ink, it is enough to add 30-40 g of creosote or 100 g of carbolic acid per 100 kg of ink. For premium ink, add 100 g of salicylic acid to the same amount of ink.

How to make mascara?

Liquid Chinese ink for drawing similar to the products of Gunther Wagner et al.
Take 2 shellac, 1 borax in 15 water, heat, with frequent stirring, until the shellac dissolves and add water aniline paint until the desired tone is obtained. For ordinary black ink, water nigrosine is used, for other colors: sepia, terdisiena, etc., mixtures of water aniline paints are used. If the colors are too bright, then a few drops of an aqueous solution of nigrosine are added to neutralize.

Chinese ink according to Winkler
Apricot pits are burned in a charcoal oven. The burnt grains, when cooled, are pounded into a fine powder in a porcelain mortar and sifted through a fine sieve. The resulting black powder is ground on a stove with soft water and gum arabic, a little camphor is added, evaporated using a water bath, then long rectangular bars are formed from it, which are then air dried.

Chinese ink according to Vosvel
Horny sawdust is dissolved in caustic potassium lye until saturation; the resulting dark brown liquid is evaporated and fused in a crucible. Then the mass is dissolved with double the amount by weight of boiling water and mixed with a solution of alum, thereby forming a precipitate, which is washed, dried and triturated with gum arabic diluted in water.

Making your own ink can be a fun and very rewarding experience! And why, you ask, do them, because every house is already full of ballpoint pens and pencils? Of course, today you won't surprise anyone with ink, but just imagine how many emotions their creation will bring to your child! With what enthusiasm and curiosity he will take part in this process and with what joy - then print letters and numbers on paper with his ink, or just squiggles that are understandable to him alone! And the benefits of such an activity are obvious! Firstly, children love to learn something new and literally "absorb" any information they receive. Secondly, you must admit that spending time in this way is much more useful than sitting near a TV or computer!

But before proceeding with the description of the ink recipe and the method of their preparation, let's plunge a little into history and find out how and when they appeared.

According to archaeologists, the very first ink appeared in ancient Egypt. It was there that, during excavations, their oldest recipes were found. According to the description found, scientists managed to find out that for the manufacture of ink the Egyptians used gum - a thick and sticky juice that is secreted from cherries or acacia and ash, which remained after burning papyrus or its roots. By the way, scientists also managed to find out that about two and a half thousand years ago, the same ink was used in China.

Already in the 3rd century BC, the Greeks and Romans used several types of ink and even made red ones! They were intended for special occasions and were considered sacred in those distant times. Only the emperor had the right to write in red ink. Isn't it, now it seems not accidental that in educational institutions only teachers can write with a red pen! This, of course, is a joke and it was just as a small digression, but now let's go back to the third millennium BC and find out what ink was made of then. For this, people used fruit seeds, soot, charcoal and grapevines. The ink that was found during the excavation of an ancient Roman city consisted of soot, which was diluted in oil.

A little later, ink appeared, made on the basis of a decoction of peel from green chestnuts or walnuts, then from nuts that cover the leaves of oak - galls. These nuts are a kind of growths that form on oak branches and leaves. In these galls, larvae of nutcracker insects develop. To prevent ink from being washed off, a fixative was used - again the same gum that was used by the ancient Egyptians. Surprisingly, the manuscripts that have been made by gall ink, preserved to this day, still have not lost their brightness and clarity! By the way, in our time, some graphic artists use such ink to create their unique works and, of course, make them on their own.

Well, let’s try and we will prepare ink. Moreover, on gall ink, their ancient history ends and modern begins. Already in the 19th century they began to produce alizarin inks, then the natural dye (Marena root) in them was replaced with synthetic, and the next step was completely synthetic modern aniline inks. It is impossible to make such at home. Therefore, we will consider simple recipes and prepare ink from the available ingredients.

● Gallic ink

You will need:

Gauls (growths on oak branches and leaves)

Metal can

Copper sulfate (solution)

Cooking method:

Fold the galls in a metal jar and fill with water so that it completely covers them

When the water darkens a little, add a small amount of ferrous sulfate solution to the jar to the consistency of ink and leave for several hours

Ink ready

● Ink from oak bark solution

You will need:

Oak bark

Iron vitriol (solution)

Cooking method:

To cut the oak bark

Boil the chips in water for 15-20 minutes

When the water darkens and turns dark brown, it is necessary to strain it from shavings.

Add a solution of ferrous sulfate to the broth until a black color is obtained, insist for several hours

Ink ready

As you can see, it's not that difficult - making ink! It remains only to come up with what can be used as an inkwell! Good luck with your experiments!

Manufacturing
home ink
conditions

4th grade student

municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum"

Karasev Prokhor Timofeevich

Work manager

Gubina Marina Nikolaevna,

primary school teacher MBOU "Lyceum"

2017 year

Content

Theoretical part

4-9

1.1. History of the invention of ink

4-6

1.2. Ink requirements

1.3. Disappearing and emerging ink

7-9

Practical part

10-16

2.1. Resistant ink

2.1.1. Recipe No. 1 “A mixture of soot and oil”

10-11

2.1.2. Recipe No. 2 "Decoction of oak bark, a solution of iron sulfate, PVA glue"

11-12

2.2. Developing ink

2.2.3. Recipe No. 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

2.2.5. Recipe # 6 "Spy Ink"

13-14

14-15

2.3. Disappearing Ink

2.3.1. Recipe No. 8 "Dextrin, alcohol solution of iodine"

15-16

Results of work and conclusions

16-17

List of references

Introduction

Last year, ink poured in my jeans pocket. The clothes were tainted, but the “stain” made me wonder: what is the ink made of? What were they made of before? When did the first ink appear? Can i make ink at home? So the topic of this project arose.

This work seems to be relevant, since at the present stage, ink is usually produced at specialized chemical plants and factories. Chemical production causes serious damage to the environment and human health. In the past, inks were made from naturally occurring components, which is why these inks are more environmentally friendly.

Objective of the project : study the history of ink, make ink at home.

Project objectives :

1. Learn the history of origin and recipes for making ink.

2. Make ink according to the recipe at home.

3. Reveal the most stable ink.

The stated goal and objectives of the project identifiedmethods used in this work, namely: analysis and synthesis of theoretical material, descriptive method, observation, experiment.

Hypothesis of the project lies in the fact that at the present stage it seems possible to make ink according to a number of surviving old recipes and find their application.

Theoretical significance The project consists in finding recipes for making ink at home from ancient times to the present.

Practical value The project is to determine the scope of practical application of ink at the present stage.

Project object: ink.

Project subject: the process of making ink.

1. Theoretical part

1.1. History of the invention of ink

Before presenting recipes for making ink, you need to determine what ink is. For this, I turned to the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov and Internet resources.

In Russian, the wordink from the word black (also in a number of other languages: fin.musta , Swede,black ), but this word underwent de-etymologization very early: in ancient times ink of different colors has been known. "Ink is a coloring liquid for writing." “Ink is a liquid dye suitable for writing and / or creating images with writing tools and stamps. From these definitions it follows that ink is primarily intended for writing, therefore, the first ink was created in ancient times.

After analyzing various ink recipes found in scientific publications and Internet resources, I presented them by the time of invention in the table “Historical stages of the invention of ink ”.

Table No. 1

Composition and method of manufacturing ink

Note

Ancient Egypt

The root of the reed that grows in the stagnant waters of the Nile

called "Cyperus Papyrus"

Black ink has been used by people of different backgrounds.

The red ink was considered sacred and was available for use only by clergy and emperors.

A mixture of soot and oil

Already known in ancient Greece and China

Ancient Rome

A mixture of soot and oil

It was used in painting and writing. Ancient Roman artists made ink from fruit seeds, grapevines, softwood, soot, charcoal and bone charcoal. Interestingly, until now, the best black paint is prepared from soot obtained from burning grape seeds.

Purpur and cinnabar - Red “court ink”, which was used to write only state documents. Even an imperial decree was born, forbidding the use of red ink outside the imperial court on pain of death.

This ink was guarded by a special guard. The process of obtaining purple was very laborious. At first, literally hundreds of thousands, millions of shells were collected. In southern Italy, a "shell mountain" has survived, consisting almost entirely of the shells of the Brandaris mollusk. The bodies of the mollusks were removed from the shells and placed in salt water. Then they dried it in the sun for three to four days, then boiled it, and as a result, out of every ten thousand shellfish they got ... only one gram of paint!

Ancient Russia

Soot with gum (cherry glue), diluted in plain water

This is the so-called "smoked" ink

From a decoction of the bark of tanning plants - "Boiled Ink", XV century

Their recipe is as follows:

"part of the oak bark, the other alder, half of the ash, and this overlay is full of a vessel of iron or clay and boil with water, not all of the water will boil, and the rest of the water is stuck into the oprishny vessel, and packs of water are boiled for that skin, and overlap fresh "bark and then cook without bark, and put the tin in the boards and tie the iron and put in the bother, and on the third day write."

Ink nut juice, iron vitriol *, glue

With this method, the ink was thick, durable, cheap. But they do not turn black immediately, but 10-12 hours after they write something with them. Ink nuts do not appear on all types of oak, so oak bark was often used instead of mix. It needs to be cut, boiled in water for 15-20 minutes, until the liquid turns dark brown, filtered and a solution of ferrous sulfate is added to obtain black ink. If you add ferric chloride instead of vitriol, the ink will be dark blue.

Germany 1855

German teacherChristian Augustan Leonhardi invented alizarin ink

Leonhardi ink was also made from ink nuts, but the inventor added a substance called crappin to them. Crapp is obtained from the roots of the oriental madder plant. Later, a synthetic substitute for speck was found, and ink nuts were replaced with gallic acid, similar in composition. So alizarin ink began to be made entirely of artificial substances. Making them became easier and cheaper.

USA 1900s

Everyone knows the great inventorT. Edison ... He invented the phonograph, the charcoal light bulb, and many other wonderful things, including ink for the blind.

The pale gray ink possessed the following property: as soon as they wrote the text, the paper on which the letters were written rose, hardened, and formed a relief. The blind easily "read" these raised letters with their sensitive fingers.

By comparing different methods of making ink, you can do the followingconclusions :

1.Ink composition for a long time (before the active development of the chemical industry) included only components of natural origin.

2. The process of making ink was quite time consuming and lengthy.

3.Inkdifferent colors were used by people of different classes and used in areas of human activity.

4.Any ink contains the following main components:

solvent (usually pure or distilled water);

coloring matter (vegetable or chemical origin);

modifiers * (for example, viscosity, wettability, durability, etc.).

1.2. Ink requirements

The following basic requirements are imposed on ink :

1. They should not act on the pen in a corrosive manner, should not produce sediment in the inkwell, and should not contain highly toxic substances.

2. Ink must run off the pen easily and be free of insoluble particulate matter so that the finest line can be drawn.

3. In addition, they must be durable and not moldy.

4. Special attention is paid to color saturation and durability for a long time under normal storage conditions, relative cheapness, availability and safety of components and finished ink.

Additional requirements may apply to ink. :

1.increased water resistance or resistance to certain solvents;

2.increased thermal, light, frost resistance;

3. The ability to mix different colors of the same type of ink to obtain a given hue.

The list of possible additional requirements is not limited to the above requirements.

1.3. Disappearing and emerging ink

As follows from the above material, ink has been and is appliedin sphere of writing and paperwork and / or other paper media. In addition, one of the important requirements for ink is its stability, i.e. the ability to maintain the brightness of color in all conditions. However, in the course of studying scientific sources, I found recipes for disappearing and emerging ink.

A characteristic feature of all disappearing ink is the loss of color by the ink composition. The term of disappearance of such ink is from 1-2 days to 2 weeks.

Developing ink is a special type of ink, widely used and used in "secret" correspondence. Text written in such ink appears under the influence of heat, processing with special reagents or in ultraviolet or infrared rays. There are many recipes for such ink.

It is believed that "secret" ink, which does not leave marks on paper and appears when heated or wetted with a certain solution, first appeared in the 17th century in France.

But ink for secret correspondence, that is, sympathetic, was used in ancient times. In the 1st century ADPhilo of Alexandria described a method of making "secret" ink fromjuice of ink nuts,for the development of which a solution of iron-copper salt was used.

Romanpoet Ovid suggested using for writing textmilk,manifested after sprinkling it with soot powder.

Secret of cryptographyPliny the Elder was to usesap of plants. Chinese emperorQing Shi Huang (249-206 BC), during the reign of which the Great Wall of China appeared, used a thick rice broth for its secret letters, which after drying the written characters does not leave any visible traces. If such a letter is slightly moistened with a weak alcoholic solution of iodine, then blue letters appear. And the emperor for the manifestation of the letter used a brown broth of seaweed, apparently containing iodine.

In the 15th century, a Swiss physician and scientistParacelsus made a drawing of a landscape that, when heated, turned from "winter" into "summer": bare branches of trees were covered with green foliage.

Secret agentsIvan the Terrible wrote their reports onion juice. The letters became visible when the paper was heated.

Famous spyMata Hari also used secret ink. When she was arrested in Paris, in her hotel room they found a vial with an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride, which became one of the clues when exposing her espionage activities. Cobalt chloride can be successfully used for secret writing: the letters written with its solution containing 1 g of salt in 25 ml of water are completely invisible and appear, turning blue, when the paper is slightly heated.

Secret ink was widely used in Russia by underground revolutionaries. The revolutionaries used cryptography to transfer secret information to each other. The secret text, written in milk between the lines of an outwardly harmless ordinary letter, was revealed when the paper was ironed with a hot iron. The tsarist secret police knew about this secret correspondence and successfully read it.

In 1878Vera Zasulich shot at the Petersburg mayor Khrenov. Zasulich was acquitted by the jury, but the gendarmes tried to arrest her again upon leaving the courthouse. However, she managed to escape, informing her friends in advance about the plan to escape at the end of the trial, regardless of his decision. A note with a request to bring some of the clothes contained on the back of the sheet information written in an aqueous solution of ferric chlorideFeCl 3 ... Zasulich took this substance as a medicine. You can read such a note by treating it with a cotton swab moistened with a diluted aqueous solution of potassium thiocyanate: all invisible letters will turn blood-red due to the formation of the iron thiocyanate complex.

Members of a secret organization"Black redistribution" also used invisible ink in correspondence. The secret letters were written with a diluted aqueous solution of copper sulfate. The text written in such ink appeared if the paper was held over a bottle of ammonia. The letters turn bright blue due to the formation of an ammonia complex of copper.

Lenin used lemon juice or milk for secret writing. For the manifestation of writing in these cases, it is enough to hold the paper for several minutes over the fire.

Duringworld War II The military used various substances for the covert transmission of military reports, including copper sulfate (manifested by sodium iodide), ferrous sulfate (sodium carbonate), sodium chloride, i.e. common table salt (manifested by silver nitrate). Often, bubbles with such substances were hidden in completely unexpected places - keys, doorknobs, switches, etc.

In 2006, two researchers from the University of Michigan revealed the secret of invisible messages used by Germanspecial services (Stasi). A sheet of paper impregnated with cerium oxalate was placed between two blank sheets of white paper. After that, a message was written on the top sheet, which was transferred to the bottom sheet. For the manifestation of the message, it was necessary to process the “letter” with a mixture of magnesium sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and several other substances, after which the latent message appeared in orange.

Today there is a special ink that only develops under ultraviolet light, which is used in the manufacture of paper money. Another area of \u200b\u200bapplication of such ink is various public events, discos in nightclubs as passes, a pen for making school cribs. A number of household chemicals glow in ultraviolet light, so they can also be used as ink. For development, you can use ultraviolet lanterns, miniature currency detectors and even parts of copiers (lamps with ultraviolet radiation are often used there).

2. The practical part

After analyzing the studied theoretical material, we move on to the experimental part of my project. As the main criteria when choosing this or that ink manufacturing recipe, I determined the following:

1) ink must be safe to manufacture and use

2) the constituent components of the ink must be available

3) ink should be environmentally friendly

4) ink should be used

During the experiment, I will adhere to the following plan:

1) preparation of the components necessary for the manufacture of ink

2) the manufacture of ink in accordance with the recipe;

3) using the received ink for writing.

Since in the theoretical part of the project it was determined that all existing inks can be classified into persistent, emerging and disappearing, I will produce ink in accordance with this classification.

2.1. Resistant ink

When studying theoretical sources, several recipes for stable inks were identified. Two recipes were selected for research, since the constituent components of this ink are available, safe, and the process of making the ink is simple.

2.1.1. Recipe number 1 « A mixture of soot and oil "

In the sources available to me, the ratio of the components of this recipe was not found, therefore it was decided to experimentally establish the necessary proportion of the components (soot and vegetable oil). I suggested that you first mix the components in a 1: 1 ratio. However, the resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and did not come off well from the pen, so it was rather difficult to write anything with such thick ink. By adding another part of vegetable oil, I got a thinner ink that easily came off the pen, but left blots and smudged. It was decided to add 1 more part of soot to this mass. With a ratio of 1 part soot to 1.5 parts vegetable oil, ink was obtained that easily came off the pen and did not cause difficulties in writing.

Table No. 2

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

Color saturation

Soot,

vegetable

oil

1:1

1:2

2:3

+

+

+

+

+

2.1.2. Recipe number 2 "Broth of oak bark,

vitriol solution, PVA glue "

The manufacturing process for this ink recipe is more complicated and time consuming. First, I prepared a decoction of oak bark. To do this, he poured 200 ml of cold water bought in a pharmacy (1 tsp), brought to a boil, boiled for 20 minutes. Then the resulting broth was cooled, filtered. To make a solution of ferrous sulfate, I used the ratio of water and salt presented on the package (1: 1). Then he mixed in equal proportions a filtered broth of oak bark, a solution of ferrous sulfate and PVA glue. The resulting mixture turned out to be too thick and viscous and could hardly come off the pen, so it was decided to add another part of the oak bark broth to the resulting composition. After that, the ink mass became suitable for use.

Table No. 3

“Change in ink quality when changing the composition ratio of components”

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

From the pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

A decoction of oak bark, a solution of iron sulfate,

pVA glue

1:1:1

+

+

-

-

-

2:1:1

+

+

+

+

-

2.2. Developing ink

A significant number of developing ink recipes have been found in the sources I've analyzed. Most of the components of this ink are available and safe to use.

2.2.1. Recipe number 3 "Onion juice"

The recipe for such ink is quite simple: you just need to peel the onion (preferably large and juicy) and squeeze the juice out of it manually or using a press. The only difficulty in making and using these inks is that they have an unpleasant odor and cause watery eyes.

write heat

2.2.2. Recipe No. 4 "Lemon juice"

Similar to the above ink - ink made from lemon juice. They are also available and easy to manufacture and use.

write heat

2.2.3. Recipe number 5 "Concentrated baking soda solution"

I have also tested inks made from a concentrated solution of baking soda. In order to make this ink, it is necessary to dissolve a significant amount of baking soda in water. In my experiment, the ratio of water to baking soda was2:1.

write heat

2.2.4 Comparative analysis of the above described inks

Table No. 4 "Comparative table of the qualities of developing ink"

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

Onion juice

1:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

Lemon juice

1:2

+

+

+

+

+ -

Concentrated baking soda solution

2:1

+

+

+

+

+ -

2.2.5. Recipe number 6 Spy Ink

1.Pour one tablespoon of starch into a metal bowl or small saucepan.

2.Pour one glass of cold water and mix thoroughly.

3.Heat the resulting starch solution over low heat for 10-15 minutes, stirring thoroughly and breaking lumps, do not allow boiling.

4. Let's see how the solution thickens and becomes like a liquid colorless jelly.

5. The paste is ready - this is the "ink". They can draw a "message to a friend" on paper. When the paper is dry, the pattern will “disappear”.

6. To develop it, you need "iodine water" (20-30 drops of iodine in half a glass of water): the paper with the message must be sprayed with a spray bottle with iodine water.

result the next day

2.2.6. Recipe number 7 "Ink from milk"

The recipe for these inks has been known for a long time; these inks have been used for a long time by the underground revolutionaries. However, none of the recipes indicated the fat content of milk, so it was decided to try milk with different mass fractions of fat as ink. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Table number 5

Changes in ink quality when milk fat content changes

Mass fraction of milk fat

Ink requirements

Not

eat a feather

No ink sludge

Easy to get off

from the pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

1,8%

+

+

+

-

-

3,2%

+

+

+

+

+-

6%

+

+

-

+

+-

10%

+

+

+

+

+-

Since one of the requirements for ink is the ability to draw the thinnest line with such ink, a nib with a thin pointed end was used in the experimental part of the study. Thus, a thin line was drawn, the ink easily came off the pen, however, when heated, not all of the text appeared, but mostly only the final part of the text, since by the end of the work, droplets of milk accumulate and the drawn lines become thicker.

It is also interesting to note that not all “milky” inks appeared. It was assumed that the higher the mass fraction of milk fat, the brighter the “milk” ink appears when heated. Therefore, it is not surprising that the text written with 1.8% milk did not appear at all. As the mass fraction of fat increases from 3.2% to 6%, the text becomes brighter. However, the text written with the Toptyzhka milk with a mass fraction of fat 3.2% practically did not appear. Only a few elements of letters are poorly visible.

It was decided to conduct a second experiment with "milk" ink using a pen with a wide end. The results of the experiment showed that with an increase in the mass fraction of milk fat, the color saturation of “milk” ink increases. However, as in the first experiment with “milk” ink, ink from Toptyzhka milk did not appear as clearly as ink from milk with a similar mass fraction of fat.

The recipes for “milk” ink indicated that they appear when heated under a lamp, on a battery, or when steaming paper with an iron. It should be noted that the text written with this ink appeared only under the influence of the heat of a hot iron.

In addition to milky ink, other inks can also be used. One of the most affordable is ink made from onion juice.

2.3. Disappearing Ink

Of all the recipes for endangered ink I found, one was chosen for the experimental part of the study for reasons of accessibility and safety.

Recipe number 8 "Dextrin, an alcoholic solution of iodine"

The only difficulty in manufacturing these inks was to obtain dextrin. Having turned to the Internet resources, I found out that "dextrin is a polysaccharide obtained by thermal processing of potato or corn starch."

For the manufacture of dextrin, starch, a heating device, and dishes for calcination are necessary. An oven is usually used as a heating device. Crockery is the most convenient pan from the oven, but you can also pan. The starch is evenly distributed over the surface and placed in the oven at the very top. I bring the temperature in the oven to 200C and withstand an hour and a half. It must be mixed well from time to time so that it does not melt or gather into lumps. The resulting dextrin is usually yellowish brown in color. The starch may not completely decompose, but this does not in any way affect the quality of dextrin and its properties. Then 1 tsp dextrin is mixed with 50 ml of iodine alcohol solution, and the ink is ready.

Table number 6

“Qualities of Disappearing Ink”

Components

ink

Ratio

components

Ink requirements

Do not corrode the feather

No sediment

in the inkwell

Easy to get off

from the pen

You can carry the thinnest line

Color saturation

Dextrin, an alcoholic solution of iodine

1h the spoon

Dextrin: 50 ml alcohol solution of iodine

+

-

-

-

+

3.Results and conclusions

In the course of the research, I was able to establish that the first ink was invented in ancient times. Ink production recipes were constantly changed in accordance with the natural materials that were available in each specific territory, and improved in connection with the development of science and technology.

We have come across a variety of recipes for making ink. Their study made it possible to classify ink into persistent, emerging and disappearing. Many inks can be made at home, but not all inks are, in my opinion, safe.

All the ink I made was evaluated according to the following criteria for ink: accessibility, safety, color saturation and color fastness, ease of use. The maximum score for each criterion is 10 points, the minimum is 1 point. The ones that best meet these requirements are “milk” ink, then ink made from soot and vegetable oil. The ink that least meets the requirements for them is an ink made from a solution of copper sulfate.

Thus, all the tasks of the project have been solved, the goal has been achieved. The hypothesis put forward by me at the beginning of the project has been confirmed.

It seems promising to create a creative project using more ink available for making at home.

4.List of literature

Dietrich A., Yurlin G., Koshurnikova R. Pochemuchka. - M .: Pedagogika, 1988 .-- 384 p.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - Ed., 24th rev. - M .: Peace and Education, 2003. - 895 p.

That which no longer exists // School stories. Children's Encyclopedia. - M., 2010, No. 10. - S. 35-38.

I get to know the world: Children's encyclopedia. Chemistry / Aut. L. A. Savina, - M .:ACT, 1997 .-- 448 p.

E.L. Nemirovsky A journey to the origins of Russian typography. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 224 p.

Yurlin G. About the notebook and hag, pencil and desk. - M .: Children's literature, 1983. -64 p.

How to prepare invisible ink? / U. Scanwork. - 2011. - No. 9. - P. 56.

Tereshin A. Nostalgia for the inkwell // Kalina Krasnaya. - 2012. - No. 4. - S.