Fasteners and its types. Modern hardware. What is a fastener? Types of fasteners and description of methods of application. Connection on brackets, clamps and anchors

What should be the fasteners for lumber? Wood is a fairly soft material, especially when compared with other types of wood. However, the physical properties of the wooden parts used in construction can vary greatly depending on the percentage of their moisture content, the species used, the growing conditions of the trees ... The structure is not homogeneous even in different parts of the same log. In any case, the fastener should hold well in the fibers and securely fix any details. In order to increase the friction force, it is very often knurled or tacked on nails, and self-tapping screws have large threads.

  Wood Fastener Reliability

Most wood fasteners in Moscow are made of galvanized and phosphated steel or metals that do not rust (for example, there are nails made of aluminum, copper). Only some types of products are made of ferrous metal, but only those that are used in rough constructions - construction nails, red-hot roof brackets. The protective coating allows to increase the service life of fasteners by several times, but, in addition, the aesthetic properties of products improve by an order of magnitude, because red spots and smudges from rust will be eliminated.

The design of modern fasteners is thought out to the smallest detail. So, there are dozens of types of screws that are designed for certain jobs, each of them has its own characteristics. Let's say that there is a drill at the tip of roofing fasteners that can be used to drill sheet metal, and a large rubberized washer. And for structural yellow self-tapping screws - a complex carving on the body (sometimes incomplete) and a special tip. The finishing nail has a very small head, while the galvanized nail for fastening the OSB, on the contrary, is quite large. There are fasteners with a tapered head for sweat, and there is a flat one. A variety of lengths are available.

Almost all of these fasteners (including perforated) are operated under load, so they must be resistant to bending and shearing. High-quality hardware for wood does not break, in extreme cases, it can only bend. For certain works, you can choose products of different thicknesses, this applies to both nails / screws and perforated plates / corners.

  Types of wood fasteners

Nails

This is perhaps one of the most famous and proven types of components for construction work. For this wood fastener, the price is the most affordable, but it is practical and functional. A nail is a metal rod cut from a wire, which has a point at one end and a flat hat at the other.

During use, the product is clogged with an ordinary hammer, or can be combined into ribbons and loaded into a gun-gun. Nails can be used alone, or in combination with perforated fasteners.

The size of the cap differs in size, depending on whether the nail should be sunk or to press the part more reliably. The rod may have notches to increase the friction forces, because it is with their help that the nails are held in the wood. The length (in fact, as well as the thickness) of the nail is selected according to the nature of the connection and the type of load experienced by the node.

Depending on the purpose for which the nails are intended, they are divided into several main types. If we talk about construction, then this:

• Black nails for construction
• Galvanized with a large hat,
• Ruffled
• Screw
• Finishing
• Roofing
• Slate.

Screws

This is a modern fastener, has high efficiency and is also very practical. The cost of fasteners for wood of this type is more than that of nails, but it also has many advantages.
  The highlight of the self-tapping screw is that it uses the ductility of wood. That is, it allows screwing in without prior drilling. Due to the wide pitch of the thread and its increased height (for example, self-tapping screws for metal have a more frequent and lower thread), this fastener fits tightly into any wood fibers and holds perfectly there. At the same time, such a connection remains collapsible, while it is extremely rare to disconnect wooden parts knocked down by nails without damage.

The thread and tip design is oriented towards easy entry into the tree. A drill at the end of wood screws is usually not used. The hat is made with a cone for flushing in a flush, or flat, for the types of "press washer", "roofing screw." The thread can be solid or partial. There are many options for the thickness and length of the products.

To use self-tapping screws, you need a drill or screwdriver, although, theoretically, small items in small quantities can be screwed with a screwdriver. To transmit rotation from the tool, there are slots on the head of the self-tapping screw. The shape of the slot may vary. As a rule, PH or PZ formats are used - this must be taken into account when choosing a bit.

Among the many types of wood screws, the most popular were:

• phosphated (black);
• galvanized (yellow);
• roofing (white and painted);
• screws with a hex or profile head (including: capercaillie, with a ring, with a hook, L-shaped screw-crutch, capercaillie with a spring).

Threaded metric connections

Nails and screws are not the only components that can be used to assemble wooden structures. The most loaded or the most voluminous nodes are twisted by means of bolts and studs. Together with nuts and washers, these hardware allow you to get the most reliable fixation, because you can very tightly press parts to each other, use rods of increased diameter (and therefore very durable). An obvious plus is the ability to disassemble and assemble structures several times.

Studs and bolts are installed through a through hole, which must be drilled in each of the fastened parts. Direct fixation is carried out by tightening the nuts. Large washers allow you to increase the bearing area and prevent the nuts / heads from sinking into the wood.

Perforated Hardware

This type of fastener is designed to accelerate the installation of wooden building elements. Thanks to such products, it became possible to avoid complicated technically (and time-consuming) manufacturing of insets and locks in a tree. If the wood felling actually underestimated the cross-section of the parts, then the perforated products allowed assembly to be performed end-to-end, moreover, with increased reliability of the assembly. Therefore, there is no need to increase the cross-section of lumber, as before. Accordingly, it will be possible to unload the house and save money, although before making the calculations it seems that buying perforated wood fasteners is a rather expensive solution.

Another advantage of such products lies in the increase in the speed of construction. Connections with the help of corners and plates can easily be performed by non-professionals, because all that is needed is to cut a bar or a board more or less precisely along the length.

Perforated fasteners are presented in a wide range. They are integrated into the system and cover all the needs of modern wooden and general construction. They are made of sheet metal with a thickness of one and a half to 5 mm, in which there are a large number of holes (small round, large for anchors, long slots for sliding fixations). All products are galvanized, fully ready for use. Among all fasteners with perforation, several types are distinguished by design and scope of use, first of all, these are corners, plates, supports, ribbons.

  Price list

Wood fastener prices

Fasteners, otherwise called hardware - one of the most widely used parts. Everyone knows what fasteners are and for what purposes they are used.

It is difficult to overestimate their importance during construction work and on the farm. The term "hardware" arose from the abbreviation of the phrase "metal products".

Fasteners come in two types: detachable and one-piece. The production of fasteners is constantly growing, and the variety of fasteners used is very wide. The reason is that these details are an indispensable attribute of any developments in the field of mechanical engineering. The standard of fasteners is regulated in the GOST document “Fasteners. Terms and Definitions. GOST 27017-86 ”.

Let's get acquainted in more detail what types of fasteners are.

Anchor

Anchor is a fastener designed to connect structures and products. And also it is customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Varieties of anchors:

• ceiling;
• clogged;
• wedge;
• frame;
• with a half ring;
• with a ring;
• with a nut.

Combines these details with the performed function - fasteners. So, a driven anchor with a female thread and a wedge-shaped wedge is needed to fasten materials and equipment to brick or concrete. Mounting such an anchor is simple: it is installed in the hole that has already been drilled earlier. The radius and depth of such a hole are selected based on the dimensions of the anchor.

Anchor-wedge is used for quick fastening in concrete, a common material of such structures as planks, profiles, suspended ceilings. This type of anchor is often used to fasten heavy equipment in solid substrates. To install a wedge anchor, a hole is drilled in concrete, where the anchor is hammered with a hammer, after which it is tightened with a nut. Ceiling anchors made of galvanized steel fix profiles of metal, facades, railings, gratings, on a concrete or stone base without cracks.

The frame anchor is designed for fastening frames and door frames made of wood and metal to a brick or concrete base.

Bolt

Bolts - cylindrical metal fasteners having a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The head of the bolt may be in the form of a hexagon, cylinder or sphere. Bolts allow you to create a connection by means of a nut or a pre-made hole with a thread in the joined part.

A stepped bolt is characterized in that the diameter of its thread is less than the diameter of the smooth part. At the foundation bolt, the head has a special shape that helps fasten the equipment directly to the base.

The most common was a bolt with a hexagonal head for a wrench. Bolt sizes may vary.

A fastener such as a bolt is usually inserted into a pre-made through hole of the parts to be fastened, then a nut is screwed onto the thread, and the parts are pulled together with a wrench. The friction force allows to achieve fixation of the connection. To transfer part of the load to the bolt, the maximum accuracy of manufacturing the rod and the holes for it in the parts is required. To prevent the parts from deforming, washers are placed under the bolt head and nut. The size of the bolts allows you to find the right fittings for any task.

Nail

The material for the manufacture of ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. Two numbers are included in the marking of nails: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The nail head is both smooth and grooved. Screw, club and grooved nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the shaft. Such nails have a greater resistance to pulling.

Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls. True, when working with them, it is necessary to take into account their increased fragility. For fastening to rigid bases roofing, wallpaper, plaster nails are used. They are available with a flat, wider than with conventional nails hat, and a shorter shaft. In aggressive environments, copper nails can be used, which are almost not subject to corrosion, as well as galvanized or alloy steel.

The operation of nailing has its own specifics. In order for a nail to be hammered qualitatively, a number of requirements must be followed.

To prevent dents on the parts during nailing, you need to use a countersink. In order for the bond to be strong, the nail shaft must go 2/3 of the length into the lower part to be fastened. When driving small nails, it is best to use assistive devices. So that the joints of the parts to be joined are stronger, it is better to hammer the nail at an angle. When using thick nails, in order to avoid splitting of the board, you need to slightly blunt their sharp end. If you plan to hang a load on a nail hammered into the wall, it must be driven not perpendicular to the wall, but at an angle from top to bottom.

A nail that has passed through must be bent gently, using the help of a trihedral file. In order not to damage the surface of the parts when pulling nails with pliers, you need to use the plate, which is placed under the pliers, reducing the pressure of the part. If it is planned to dismantle parts in the future, it is preferable to use screws rather than nails.

In some cases, liquid nails are used to fasten products. They are made from polymeric materials and rubber. Liquid nails are able to provide sufficient fastener strength not worse than metal. One drop of nails of this kind withstands a force of 50 kg. But their main advantage is the preservation of the integrity of the decorative surface. The scope of liquid nails is very wide. They are used for gluing to various surfaces of wall and ceiling panels, drywall, particleboard, fiberboard, wood, cardboard, ceramics, stucco ornaments, glass, metal and many other materials.

When buying liquid nails, you need to be careful. Different grades of this material have a certain degree of adhesion.

Liquid nails are advisable to apply:

• with increased humidity in the room;
• for temperatures not lower than -10 0 C.

For example, neutral nails are harmless, as they are based on a solution of water. However, they can not glue metal. They do not like freezing temperatures. Nails on organic solvents have an increased setting speed and can withstand temperatures up to -20 ° C. Their disadvantage is the presence of volatile harmful substances. Within 5 days after application, they emit an unpleasant odor. The setting of liquid nails occurs in the period from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the brand. However, they completely polymerize only after a day.

Screws

In order for the screws to fulfill their function of reliable fasteners in full, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. So, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their core narrows to the end and serves as a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are completely twisted. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made with an awl. Large screws will be easier to tighten if you first make a hole with a drill of a slightly smaller diameter.

Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to clamp the parts to be joined, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. The screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. There is a chamfer on the flat end of the screw to prevent the thread from entering.

A screw is a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole was drilled at the end of the screw for using a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

Often, a washer is installed between the part and the nut, the inner hole of which allows the screw shaft to pass through it. If the screw is rusted, a hammer or special crimps are used to remove it. Often, heating the nut with a gas torch or blowtorch can help. If open flame is forbidden for any reason, you can use a hot iron rod or a large soldering iron.

Nut

A nut is one of the varieties of fasteners with a threaded hole cut inside. The most common galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts is hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with finger protrusions. The main purpose of the nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Varieties of nuts:

• hex
• square;
• "Lamb";
• flange with a groove for a cotter pin in the form of a cap;
• T-shaped with plastic insert.

It is also worth noting that the nuts are divided according to the strength class in accordance with the bolts with which it is used.

Dowel

Dowels are used for fastening in solid wall bases. Mounting the dowel is based on the principle of friction arising from the bursting of the fastener during installation with the occurrence of holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. With dowel mounting, the fasteners are destroyed during the drawing process. The dowel is made of polymers. Their physical and mechanical properties are capable of changing very strongly depending on various factors. These are the characteristics of the filler, the ratio of the components, the parameters of the binder. The disadvantages of polymers include low heat resistance, a tendency to deformations under load, aging.

Only screws correctly matched to the dowel can withstand the maximum load. They must have a maximum permissible length and diameter corresponding to the length and thickness of the dowel. When using other fasteners, the thread profile is of great importance, since it determines the spacer effect. It is not recommended to use self-tapping screws and screws for attaching drywall sheets.

A number of manufacturers are manufacturing dowels that allow the installation of metric screw screws. The greatest locking is achieved by dowels in concrete, stone and other solid solid materials. Keep in mind that the hole for installing the dowel must be drilled in accordance with the recommendations for depth, diameter and distance from the edge. Drilling holes should not cause cracks or chips. The hole must also be cleaned of debris and dust.

Among the proposals of manufacturers, you can find varieties of dowels with an increased length required for soft and hollow materials. When installed in such a base, fixing can be achieved by fixing the internal emphasis of the parts. For installation occurring in hollow materials, fastening is based on a combination of friction and internal emphasis. It is necessary to take into account all the factors determining the reliability of fastening in all their interconnections.

Rivet

A component such as a combined type rivet consists of an aluminum body and a shaft made of galvanized steel. This design is the most common. The purpose of a rivet is to join two or more surfaces of a thin sheet. The need for rivet arises in cases where a one-piece connection is required with a mechanized tool, when access on the side of the closing head of the rivet is limited or closed.

There is also an exhaust rivet nut - a fastener that is widely used in mechanical engineering and electronics. The rivet nut is designed to create threaded connections in metal materials and other thin materials of high strength. Among the rivets, the most durable are steel rivets. Steel rivets are protected against corrosion by galvanizing.

Threaded rivets differ from conventional rivets in that they not only interconnect sheet materials, but also have an internal screw thread.

High-quality threaded rivets are installed in places where it is difficult to get using such a simple tool as a rivet.

Since the choice of lengths and diameters of rivets is very wide, the search for the best fit for the task must be carried out by marking on the product.

Self tapping screw

To fasten parts of small thickness from metal to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws having frequent threading are used. The insulation, fiberboard, wooden parts are fastened with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a tip in the form of a drill, it is able to independently make holes in the parts to be bonded. If the self-tapping screw is screwed into the hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws having a sharp tip are used. The universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets with tin profiles. Universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials. Self-tapping screws are the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures.

Washer

The washer is made of cold rolled steel tape. It is a round plate having an internal hole, and is used to increase the strength of bolted joints by placing a bolt or nut under the head. Thanks to the rivet, the clamping surface of the parts to be bonded is increased, which protects the joined surfaces from deformation when tightening the nut.

Hairpin

A hairpin is a fastener that has the shape of a cylindrical rod, on which an external thread is cut either along the entire length or at the ends. Such a connection is used if none of the materials involved in the connection has a thread. Further, the connection is fixed by means of a nut, sometimes supplemented by a washer. The use of studs as a fastener damages the appearance of the product.

Screw

A screw is a fastener having the shape of a rod having an external thread with a conical point and a head at the other end. He has the ability to create new carvings in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners that are most widely used in construction and decoration. They can also not be replaced during the installation of drywall sheets on a metal or wood frame.

Various types of screws are also used in roofing and facade works for joining metal sheets. The roofing screw has a hexagonal head and is equipped with ordinary and sealing washers, the latter made of weather-resistant rubber. This type of screw is painted and can have 18 colors, helping to give the building an aesthetic appearance.

Each type of fastener is made to perform certain functions. This explains the wide variety with which fasteners delight. The price of hardware is different and can range from 2-3 rubles to several thousand rubles apiece, but often they are sold per kilogram.

Fasteners are designed for specific materials and parts. So, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal with drywall, two metal products or metal with wood parts.

In order to reduce the crushing of wood, a washer made of sheet steel is placed under the nut, the side of which is determined from its working conditions for bending and crushing of wood under the washer.

1- steel bolt with thread and fixed nut; 2- fixed nut; 3- union nut; 4- thread; 5- removable round washer.

Almost the side of the square washer is taken equal to 4.5d (where d is the diameter of the bolt).

The sizes of square washers are taken according to the diameter of the bolts according to Table 3 (Fig. 2).

Table 3: Assortment of bolts.

The minimum distances between the bolts and the minimum distances from the edges of the tree are set taking into account the permissible cleaving stresses of the wood. What will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

In capital construction, when the reliability and stability of the structure is required, bolts can be used only if, using special means (for example, brackets), the occurrence of a shift in the contact seams is prevented (node \u200b\u200b33).

For example, calibrated holes, i.e. such, when the diameter of the hole is equal to the diameter of the bolt, or the subsequent filling of the gap between the bolt rod and the edges of the hole.

Bolts are used in structures operating in tension during the suspension of building elements (Fig. 3) and as non-supporting joints in the form of clamping bolts.

1.2. Connection on rod pins.

Rod pins are cylindrical steel rods, as a rule, without nuts and threads that are inserted into drilled holes of a diameter reduced by 0.2 ... 0.5 mm (Fig. 3, pos. 6).

For tightening bolts (fig. 3 pos. 1), under the head (fig. 3 pos. 2) and nut (fig. 3 pos. 3) washers are installed (fig. 3 pos. 5).

1 - coupling bolt 12x260 mm; 2- hex head; 3-nut; 4 metric thread; 5- washer; 6-rod nagel smooth or with rifled grooves.

The use of rod pins is of great importance for load-bearing joints, as with it, you can not be afraid of deformations due to the selection of gaps in the holes and creep of structures.

Connections using rod pins can achieve high performance: with a small area, they can absorb relatively large loads.

They are best used for packages of boards, as well as for connecting with steel elements located inside the structure (node \u200b\u200b- 35).

The figure of the assembly -34 shows the option of fastening the ridge assembly of the truss truss. Coblock braces are attached to the upper belt by four pins. In the middle are coupling bolts. The upper rafter belts are bolted together with a ridge outboard.

1- upper rafter belt; 2 - block braces; 3-ridge outboard; 4- fastening with pins; 5- tie bolts of the ridge outfit with the upper rafter belt.

The sketch of the node 35 shows the option of mounting a two-branch strut with a single bolt. Such fastening gives an almost rigid connection of a two-branch strut with a single crossbar using the nails located on the ring.

Coupling bolts provide tight joints and are used in the installation of the rafter system and wall partitions.

1 - crossbar (beam); 2-pair rack; 3- nails in 2 thickness of the board; 4 - coupling bolts.

In the above compounds, no more than 4 rods per connection should be used.

The minimum diameter of the rod nagel is 8 mm.

Blind steel cylindrical pins should be buried in the wood by at least 5 diameters.

When using large diameter dowels, cracks may appear at the ends of the elements to be connected, caused by chipping of wood along the fibers.

Therefore, the end distances take a little more than the intermediate ones.

2. The connection of wooden structures on nails.

The fact that nails are widely used is explained by the simplicity of their use, achieved, first of all, thanks to the invention of a pneumatic gun, with which automatic nailing of nails of various lengths, up to 120 mm, can be carried out.

Larger diameter nails may be pneumatically hammered after pre-planting.

The joint on the nails has specific features. At the nailing site, the wood is crushed, forming wire cracks, flakes under the nail.

Partially, these shortcomings are eliminated by the use of cross-shaped nails, for which you can not drill holes even with a diameter of more than 6 mm.

They, like ordinary nails, are driven into the wood without first reaming the nests.

For nails with a diameter of more than 6 mm (and for alder wood - more than 5 mm), holes equal to 0.9 of the diameter of the nail must be drilled.

If the fastening of structures with nails should take into account pulling loads (increased wind loads), then drilling holes is UNACCEPTABLE.

Below are some types of nails most used in the installation of the roof truss system.

2.1. Connection on wire round nails.

Round wire nail is the most common type of fastener for wooden joints. The nail has a flat or secret hat and a smooth leg. In cross section, the leg is a pointed rod in cross section round or square with rounded corners.

The thickness of the wire nails ranges from d \u003d 0.8 ... 8 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8 ... 250 mm.

Example of designation: nail 5x120 mm.

Where 5 mm is the diameter (d) of the nail and 120 mm is the length (L) of the nail shaft.

The range of nails is given in table 4.

Table 4: Round building wire nails.

When performing frame work, nails are most often used with a length of 60, 75 and 100 mm. When facing, shorter nails are used.

The nail can be galvanized and not galvanized. When galvanized, the thickness of the resulting protective layer of zinc is thicker, so this nail is more resistant to rust. The surface of a conventional nail remains rough, due to which the friction between the nail and the wood is greater than that of a galvanized nail.

In facing (finishing) works, galvanized or otherwise processed nails are used so that the hands of workers always remain clean and do not stain the lining.

2.2. Joint on corrugated toothed nails.

Nail corrugated (serrated). Such a nail has a secret (recessed) hat and a corrugated leg. In cross section, the leg is a round rod with a rounded acute angle.

Nail corrugated (serrated).

The thickness of the toothed nails varies between d \u003d 3 ... 10 mm. The length of corrugated nails ranges from 25 ... 100 mm.

The tensile strength of wood from serrated nails is about five times greater than that of conventional nails of appropriate sizes.

Therefore, their use is preferable in those joints where an increased pull-out strength (increased wind load) is required.

2.3. Connection on threaded nails.

Threaded (screw) nail. The nail has a secret (recessed) hat and foot with a shallow thread. The thickness of the threaded nails ranges from d \u003d 1 ... 10 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8 ... 150 mm.

Threaded (screw) nail.

The nail can be galvanized and not galvanized.

They are used in those places where the connection may be affected by variable loads.

The wooden floor and the outer skin are studded with carving nails.

2.4. Screw connection.

As a rule, joints with screws are single-cut and work by the perception of forces acting at right angles in the direction of the rod.

1- screw nail with countersunk head (not standardized) d \u003d 1 ... 10 mm (example: 6x150 mm); 2- a screw with a semicircular head with a longitudinal slot; 3- screw with countersunk head with longitudinal slot; 4- capercaillie with a hex head.

For screws (screws), the diameter of the drilled holes should be 2 ... 3 mm less than the diameter of the screw (screw) itself.

If the fastening of structures with screws (screws) should take into account pulling loads (increased wind loads), then drilling holes is UNACCEPTABLE.

Table 5: Assortment of wood screws.

Table 6: Assortment of wood grouse (wood screws).

The bearing capacity of screws and grouse (screws) is determined according to the calculation rules for steel cylindrical pins with a diameter d equal to the diameter of the threadless part of the screw, except when the penetration of the smooth part of the screw into the wood is less than 2d.

In this case, the calculation should be carried out according to the internal diameter of the section weakened by the thread. What will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

3. Connection on brackets, clamps and anchors.

Auxiliary steel fasteners (staples, clamps, anchors, etc.) are most often installed in knots for joining wooden elements during assembly and installation, to comply with the design dimensions of the structures and with little effort during their operation.

Steel staples are placed in the nodes of structures made of beams or logs. Depending on the sizes of the sections of the elements and the length of the staples, their diameter is 8 ... 18 mm.

Staples are driven into the wood without drilling holes so that the place of driving does not coincide with the core of the wooden elements.

And the distances from the top of the angle of the bracket to the center of penetration of the bracket into the structure should be the same.

The distance from the center of driving the brackets to the end of the element (S 1) is the same as for the pins (see the section on installing pins).

Table 7: Steel fasteners for wooden structures.

The development of the clamp for metal cutting is shown in the figure below (Fig. 5).

The attachment points of the beams using metal clamps are shown in the figure below (node \u200b\u200b-5).

1- longitudinal beams (rafters); 2- transverse beam; 3- decoration around the root; 4-clamp; 5- nails GOST4028-63.

To fix the eaves of the roof and the joint of the beams, T-shaped anchors weighing 2.19 kg are used.

All auxiliary steel fasteners (staples, clamps, anchors, etc.) protect against corrosion. Protruding metal parts are protected by wooden elements.

Let's get acquainted in more detail what types of fasteners are:

Anchor  - a fastener designed to connect structures and products. And also it is customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Bolts - cylindrical metal fasteners having a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The head of the bolt may be in the form of a hexagon, cylinder or sphere. Bolts allow you to create a connection by means of a nut or a pre-made hole with a thread in the joined part.

Nail  - the material for the manufacture of ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. Two numbers are included in the marking of nails: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The nail head is both smooth and grooved. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the shaft. Such nails have a greater resistance to pulling. Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls.

Screw  - a fastener that is screwed into the threaded hole. In some cases, a hole was drilled at the end of the screw for using a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

In order for the screws to fulfill their function of reliable fasteners in full, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. So, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their core narrows to the end and serves as a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are completely twisted. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made with an awl. Large screws will be easier to tighten if you first make a hole with a drill of a slightly smaller diameter. Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to clamp the parts to be joined, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. The screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. There is a chamfer on the flat end of the screw to prevent the thread from entering.

Nut  represents one of the varieties of fasteners with a threaded hole cut inside. The most common galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts is hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with finger protrusions. The main purpose of the nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Dowels used for fastening in solid wall bases. Mounting the dowel is based on the principle of friction arising from the bursting of the fastener during installation with the occurrence of holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. With dowel mounting, the fasteners are destroyed during the drawing process. The dowel is made of polymers.

Screws  - The most widely used fasteners for wooden structures. To fasten parts of small thickness from metal to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws having frequent threading are used. The insulation, fiberboard, wooden parts are fastened with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a tip in the form of a drill, it is able to independently make holes in the parts to be bonded. If the self-tapping screw is screwed into the hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws having a sharp tip are used. The universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets with tin profiles. Universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials.

Screw  is a fastener having the shape of a rod having an external thread with a tapered-shaped tip and a head at the other end. He has the ability to create new carvings in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners that are most widely used in construction and decoration. They can also not be replaced during the installation of drywall sheets on a metal or wood frame.

Fasteners for wooden structures: the main varieties. Tapes and supports. Toothed plates and washers

We all know the perforated metal corner can be a universal device that is used both in the construction of wooden structures and furniture assembly, and in the arrangement of ventilated facades. They can be of different sizes, but it depends on their purpose, that is, the load on this node and its configuration are taken into account.

Perforated tape is used to strengthen various nodes that are connected at an angle, for example, it can be a connection of rafter legs, where the tape fixed on top will not allow the joint to separate. The thickness of the tape varies from 0.8 mm to 1.5 mm, and its application depends on the power of the loads that will be exerted on the formed unit.

The word is made of 6 letters, the first letter is “H”, the second letter is “A”, the third letter is “G”, the fourth letter is “E”, the fifth letter is “L”, the sixth letter is “b”, the word is letter "H", the last "b". If you do not know a word from a crossword or scanword, then our site will help you find the most complex and unfamiliar words.

Guess the riddle:

Once upon a time there was a beast with the letter y, I cleaned my muzzle with a Hippo with the letter b, A rooster with the letter p, A crocodile with the letter k, And a wild boar with the letter k. The platypus with the letter y, What kind of beast is the letter y? Show answer \u003e\u003e

Once upon a time there was usually one orphan girl, she had only two kittens, two puppies, three parrots, a turtle and a hamster with a hamster, which was supposed to give birth to 7 hamsters. The girl went to feed. It goes through the forest, field, forest, field, field, forest, forest, field. She came to the store, but there was no feed there. It goes further, forest, forest, field, field, forest, field, forest, field, forest, field, field, forest. And the girl fell into the pit. If she crawls out, dad dies. If she stays there, mother will die. You can’t dig a tunnel. What should she do?