Conversion of units of testosterone. The norm of progesterone in women, lack, the norm is overestimated: what to do with changes? Progesterone: When to get tested

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1 microgram per liter [µg/L] = 1000 nanograms per liter [ng/L]

Initial value

Converted value

kilogram per cubic meter kilogram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic meter gram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic millimeter milligram per cubic meter milligram per cubic centimeter milligram per cubic millimeter exagram per liter petagram per liter teragram per liter gigagram per liter megagram per liter kilogram per liter hectogram per liter decagram per liter gram per liter decigram per liter centigram per liter milligram per liter microgram per liter nanogram per liter picogram per liter femtogram per liter attogram per liter pound per cubic inch pound per cubic foot pound per cubic yard pound per gallon (US) ) pound per gallon (UK) ounce per cubic inch ounce per cubic foot ounce per gallon (US) ounce per gallon (UK) grain per gallon (US) grain per gallon (UK) grain per cubic foot short ton per cubic foot yard long ton per cubic yard slug per cubic foot Earth's mean density slug per cubic inch slug per cubic yard Planck density

Logarithmic units

More about density

General information

Density is a property that determines the amount of a substance by mass per unit volume. In the SI system, density is measured in kg / m³, but other units are also used, such as g / cm³, kg / l and others. In everyday life, two equivalent values ​​\u200b\u200bare most often used: g / cm³ and kg / ml.

Factors affecting the density of matter

The density of the same substance depends on temperature and pressure. Generally, the higher the pressure, the tighter the molecules are packed, which increases the density. In most cases, an increase in temperature, on the contrary, increases the distance between molecules and reduces the density. In some cases, this relationship is reversed. The density of ice, for example, is less than the density of water, despite the fact that ice colder than water. This can be explained by the molecular structure of ice. Many substances, when moving from a liquid to a solid state of aggregation, change their molecular structure so that the distance between molecules decreases, and the density, respectively, increases. During the formation of ice, the molecules line up in a crystal structure and the distance between them, on the contrary, increases. In this case, the attraction between the molecules also changes, the density decreases, and the volume increases. In winter, you must not forget about this property of ice - if the water is in water pipes freezes, they can break.

Density of water

If the density of the material from which the object is made is greater than the density of water, then it is completely immersed in water. Materials with a density less than that of water, on the contrary, float to the surface. Good example- ice with a lower density than water that floats in a glass to the surface of water and other drinks that consist mostly of water. We often use this property of substances in Everyday life. For example, in the construction of ship hulls, materials with a density higher than that of water are used. Since materials with a density higher than that of water sink, air-filled cavities are always created in the ship's hull, since the density of air is much lower than that of water. On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary that the object sink in water - for this, materials with a higher density than water are chosen. For example, in order to sink light bait to a sufficient depth while fishing, anglers tie a sinker made of materials having a high density, such as lead, to the fishing line.

Oil, fat and oil remain on the surface of the water because their density is lower than that of water. Thanks to this property, oil spilled in the ocean is much easier to clean up. If it mixed with water or sank to the seabed, it would cause even more damage to the marine ecosystem. This property is also used in cooking, but not oil, of course, but fat. For example, it is very easy to remove excess fat from soup as it floats to the surface. If the soup is cooled in the refrigerator, the fat solidifies, and it is even easier to remove it from the surface with a spoon, slotted spoon, or even a fork. In the same way, it is removed from jelly and aspic. This reduces the calorie and cholesterol content of the product.

Information about the density of liquids is also used during the preparation of drinks. Layered cocktails are made from liquids of different densities. Typically, lower density liquids are carefully poured onto higher density liquids. You can also use a glass cocktail stick or bar spoon and slowly pour the liquid over them. If you do not rush and do everything carefully, you will get a beautiful multi-layered drink. This method can also be used with jellies or aspic dishes, although if time permits it is easier to cool each layer separately, pouring a new layer only after the bottom layer has hardened.

In some cases, a lower fat density, on the contrary, interferes. Products with a high fat content often do not mix well with water and form a separate layer, thus impairing not only the appearance, but also the taste of the product. For example, in cold desserts and fruit smoothies, fatty dairy products are sometimes separated from non-fat dairy products such as water, ice, and fruit.

Salt water density

The density of water depends on the content of impurities in it. Rarely found in nature and in everyday life pure water H 2 O without impurities - most often it contains salts. A good example is sea water. Its density is higher than that of fresh water, so fresh water usually "floats" on the surface of salt water. Of course, it is difficult to see this phenomenon under normal conditions, but if fresh water is enclosed in a shell, for example, in a rubber ball, then this is clearly visible, since this ball floats to the surface. Our body is also a kind of shell filled with fresh water. We are made up of 45% to 75% water - this percentage decreases with age and with an increase in weight and body fat. Fat content of at least 5% of body weight. Healthy people have up to 10% body fat if they exercise a lot, up to 20% if they are of normal weight, and 25% or more if they are obese.

If we try not to swim, but simply to stay on the surface of the water, we will notice that it is easier to do this in salt water, since its density is higher than the density of fresh water and the fat contained in our body. The concentration of salt in the Dead Sea is 7 times the average concentration of salt in the oceans of the world, and it is known throughout the world for the fact that people can easily float on the surface of the water and not drown. Although, to think that it is impossible to die in this sea is a mistake. In fact, every year people die in this sea. The high salt content makes water dangerous if it enters the mouth, nose, and eyes. If you swallow such water, you can get a chemical burn - in severe cases, such unfortunate swimmers are hospitalized.

Air density

Just as in the case of water, bodies with a density below that of air are positively buoyant, that is, they take off. A good example of such a substance is helium. Its density is 0.000178 g/cm³, while the density of air is approximately 0.001293 g/cm³. You can see how helium takes off in the air if you fill a balloon with it.

The density of air decreases as its temperature increases. This property of hot air is used in balloons. Ball pictured in ancient city Maya Teotihuocán in Mexico is filled with hot air, which has a density less than that of the surrounding cold morning air. That is why the ball flies at a sufficiently high altitude. While the ball flies over the pyramids, the air in it cools down, and it is heated again with a gas burner.

Density calculation

Often the density of substances is indicated for standard conditions, that is, for a temperature of 0 ° C and a pressure of 100 kPa. In educational and reference manuals, you can usually find such a density for substances that are often found in nature. Some examples are shown in the table below. In some cases, the table is not enough and the density must be calculated manually. In this case, the mass is divided by the volume of the body. Mass is easy to find with a balance. To find out the volume of a standard geometric body, you can use formulas to calculate the volume. The volume of liquids and solids can be found by filling the measuring cup with the substance. For more complex calculations, the liquid displacement method is used.

Liquid displacement method

To calculate the volume in this way, first pour a certain amount of water into a measuring vessel and place the body, the volume of which must be calculated, until completely immersed. The volume of a body is equal to the difference between the volume of water without the body and with it. It is believed that this rule was derived by Archimedes. It is possible to measure volume in this way only if the body does not absorb water and does not deteriorate from water. For example, we will not measure the volume of a camera or fabric using the liquid displacement method.

It is not known how much this legend reflects real events, but it is believed that King Hieron II gave Archimedes the task of determining whether his crown was made of pure gold. The king suspected that his goldsmith had stolen some of the gold allocated for the crown and instead made the crown out of a cheaper alloy. Archimedes could easily determine this volume by melting the crown, but the king ordered him to find a way to do this without damaging the crowns. It is believed that Archimedes found the solution to this problem while taking a bath. Having plunged into the water, he noticed that his body displaced a certain amount of water, and realized that the volume of water displaced is equal to the volume of the body in water.

hollow bodies

Some natural and artificial materials are made up of particles that are hollow inside, or of particles so small that these substances behave like liquids. In the second case, an empty space remains between the particles, filled with air, liquid, or other substance. Sometimes this place remains empty, that is, it is filled with vacuum. Examples of such substances are sand, salt, grain, snow and gravel. The volume of such materials can be determined by measuring the total volume and subtracting from it the volume of voids determined by geometric calculations. This method is convenient if the shape of the particles is more or less uniform.

For some materials, the amount of empty space depends on how tightly packed the particles are. This complicates the calculations, since it is not always easy to determine how much empty space there is between particles.

Table of densities of commonly occurring substances in nature

Density and Mass

In some industries, such as aviation, it is necessary to use materials that are as light as possible. Since low density materials also have low mass, in such situations, try to use materials with the lowest density. So, for example, the density of aluminum is only 2.7 g/cm³, while the density of steel is from 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm³. It is due to the low density that 80% of aircraft bodies use aluminum and its alloys. Of course, at the same time, one should not forget about strength - today, few people make aircraft from wood, leather, and other light but low-strength materials.

Black holes

On the other hand, the higher the mass of a substance per given volume, the higher the density. Black holes are an example of physical bodies with a very small volume and a huge mass, and, accordingly, a huge density. Such an astronomical body absorbs light and other bodies that are close enough to it. The largest black holes are called supermassive.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

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1 nanogram [ng] = 1E-06 milligram [mg]

Initial value

Converted value

kilogram gram exagram petagram teragram gigagram megagram hectogram decagram decigram centigram milligram microgram nanogram picogram femtogram attogram dalton, atomic mass unit kilogram-force sq. sec/meter kilopound kilopound (kip) slug lbf sq. sec/ft pound troy pound ounce troy ounce metric ounce short ton long (imperial) ton assay ton (US) assay ton (UK) ton (metric) kiloton (metric) centner (metric) centner US centner British quarter (US) quarter (UK) stone (US) stone (UK) ton pennyweight scruple karat gran gamma talent (O.Israel) mina (O.Israel) shekel (O.Israel) bekan (O.Israel) hera (O.Israel) talent (Ancient Greece) mina (Ancient Greece) tetradrachm (Ancient Greece) didrachma (Ancient Greece) drachma (Ancient Greece) denarius (Ancient Rome) ass (Ancient Rome) codrant (Ancient Rome) lepton ( Rome) Planck mass atomic mass unit electron rest mass muon rest mass proton mass neutron mass deuteron mass Earth mass Sun mass Berkovets pud Pound lot spool share quintal livre

More about mass

General information

Mass is the property of physical bodies to resist acceleration. Mass, unlike weight, does not change depending on the environment and does not depend on the gravitational force of the planet on which this body is located. mass m determined using Newton's second law, according to the formula: F = ma, Where F is power, and a- acceleration.

Mass and weight

In everyday life, the word "weight" is often used when talking about mass. In physics, weight, unlike mass, is a force acting on a body due to the attraction between bodies and planets. Weight can also be calculated using Newton's second law: P= mg, Where m is the mass, and g- acceleration of gravity. This acceleration occurs due to the force of attraction of the planet near which the body is located, and its magnitude also depends on this force. Acceleration of free fall on the Earth is equal to 9.80665 meters per second, and on the Moon - about six times less - 1.63 meters per second. Thus, a body weighing one kilogram weighs 9.8 Newtons on Earth and 1.63 Newtons on the Moon.

gravitational mass

The gravitational mass shows what gravitational force acts on the body (passive mass) and with what gravitational force the body acts on other bodies (active mass). With an increase active gravitational mass body, its force of attraction also increases. It is this force that controls the movement and arrangement of stars, planets and other astronomical objects in the universe. The tides are also caused by the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Moon.

With the increase passive gravitational mass the force with which the gravitational fields of other bodies act on this body also increases.

inertial mass

Inertial mass is the property of a body to resist motion. It is precisely because the body has mass that a certain force must be applied to move the body from its place or change the direction or speed of its movement. The larger the inertial mass, the greater the force required to do this. The mass in Newton's second law is precisely the inertial mass. The gravitational and inertial masses are equal in magnitude.

Mass and relativity

According to the theory of relativity, the gravitating mass changes the curvature of the space-time continuum. The larger such a mass of a body, the stronger this curvature around this body, therefore, near bodies of large mass, such as stars, the trajectory of light rays is curved. this effect in astronomy is called gravitational lenses. On the contrary, far from large astronomical objects (massive stars or their clusters, called galaxies), the movement of light rays is rectilinear.

The main postulate of the theory of relativity is the postulate of the finiteness of the speed of light propagation. Several interesting implications follow from this. First, one can imagine the existence of objects with such a large mass that the second cosmic velocity of such a body will be equal to the speed of light, i.e. no information from this object will be able to get to the outside world. Such space objects general theory relativity are called "black holes" and their existence has been experimentally proven by scientists. Secondly, when an object moves at a near-light speed, its inertial mass increases so much that the local time inside the object slows down compared to time. measured by stationary clocks on Earth. This paradox is known as the “twin paradox”: one of them goes on a space flight at near-light speed, the other remains on Earth. Upon returning from a flight twenty years later, it turns out that the twin astronaut is biologically younger than his brother!

Units

Kilogram

In the SI system, mass is measured in kilograms. The kilogram is determined based on the exact numerical value of Planck's constant h, equal to 6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴, expressed in J s, which is equal to kg m² s⁻¹, and the second and meter are determined by exact values c and Δ ν Cs. The mass of one liter of water can be approximately considered equal to one kilogram. The derivatives of the kilogram, gram (1/1000 of a kilogram), and ton (1000 kilograms) are not SI units, but are widely used.

Electron-volt

An electron volt is a unit for measuring energy. Usually it is used in the theory of relativity, and the energy is calculated by the formula E=mc², where E is the energy m- weight, and c is the speed of light. According to the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, the electron volt is also a unit of mass in the system of natural units, where c equals one, which means that mass equals energy. Basically, electronvolts are used in nuclear and atomic physics.

Atomic mass unit

Atomic mass unit ( A. eat.) is for the masses of molecules, atoms, and other particles. One a. e.m. is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon nuclide atom, ¹²C. This is approximately 1.66 × 10 ⁻²⁷ kilograms.

Slug

Slugs are used primarily in the British imperial system of measurement in the UK and some other countries. One slug is equal to the mass of a body that is moving at an acceleration of one foot per second per second when a force of one pound force is applied to it. This is approximately 14.59 kilograms.

solar mass

Solar mass is a measure of mass used in astronomy to measure stars, planets and galaxies. One solar mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, that is, 2 × 10³⁰ kilograms. The mass of the Earth is about 333,000 times less.

Carat

Mass is measured in carats precious stones and metals in jewelry. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. The name and the value itself are associated with the seeds of the carob tree (in English: carob, pronounced carob). One carat used to be equal to the weight of a seed of this tree, and buyers carried their seeds with them to check if they were being deceived by sellers of precious metals and stones. The weight of the gold coin Ancient Rome was equal to 24 carob seeds, and therefore carats began to be used to indicate the amount of gold in the alloy. 24 carats is pure gold, 12 carats is half gold alloy, and so on.

Gran

The gran was used as a measure of weight in many countries before the Renaissance. It was based on the weight of grains, mainly barley, and other crops popular at the time. One grain is equal to about 65 milligrams. It's a little over a quarter carat. Until carats became widespread, grains were used in jewelry. This measure of weight is used to this day to measure the mass of gunpowder, bullets, arrows, as well as gold foil in dentistry.

Other units of mass

In countries where the metric system is not accepted, British imperial system mass measures are used. For example, in the UK, USA and Canada, pounds, stone and ounce are widely used. One pound is equal to 453.6 grams. Stones are mainly used only to measure the mass of a person's body. One stone is approximately 6.35 kilograms or exactly 14 pounds. Ounces are mostly used in cooking recipes, especially for foods in small portions. One ounce is 1/16 of a pound, or approximately 28.35 grams. In Canada, which formally converted to the metric system in the 1970s, many products are sold in rounded imperial units such as one pound or 14 fl oz, but are labeled by weight or volume in metric units. In English, such a system is called "soft metric" (eng. soft metric), in contrast to the "hard metric" system (eng. hard metric), which indicates the rounded weight in metric units on the packaging. This image shows "soft metric" food packages showing weight in metric units only and volume in both metric and imperial units.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

PROGESTERONE and how to convert ng/ml to Nmol/ml?

I can’t find anywhere how much 39.4 ng / ml will be in nmol. WHO KNOWS, PLEASE TELL.

The value in ng / ml is multiplied by 3.18 and you get nmol.

THIS IS WHAT I FOUND on BabyPlane:
PROGESTERONE - Units of measure: nmol/l.

Alternate units: ng/ml.
Unit conversion: ng / ml x 3.03 ==> nmol / l.

popular:
the molecular weight of progesterone is 314.47 g/mol.
39.4 ng / ml \u003d 39400 ng / l \u003d 39.4 * 10 (1-6) g / l.
moving from grams to moles of matter -
39.4*10(-6)g/l / 314.47g/mol=0.125*10(-6)mol/l=12.5*10(-4)mol/l=1250000nmol/l=1250nmol/ml
Please!

Recalculation methods are given on the Invitro website on the "interpretation of results" tab for the analysis, for example:
http://www.invitro.r. ctors/508/2334/

After the transfer - mode, well-being, discharge, etc.
LoveSanna, very - very sorry (I hug you, it's good that the crumbs are waiting, this is a great motivation de.

Ovarian exhaustion syndrome. IVF with SIA
mirabella79, How many tablets per day? 2 pieces?

Stimulation of ovulation
Here you go. Decided to die today bt, 36.2. So there was no O, and the injection was on Sunday morning.

Expected or not?
Look here please. Who has more experience than me. Is ovulation coming or not? I think that.

8-9 dpo
I see lines on tests. I repeated 8-9 dpo at 10 dpo in the morning, I was just sure that it would brighten up.

Tests
Inkjet test with sensitivity 10, presumably 16 DPO, yesterday on tests with sensitivity 10 barely ra.

"I want to warn you"
For expectant mothers, many articles have been written in print media and on the Internet, thousands of specials have been created.

Gynecological smears for flora and purity
A visit to the gynecologist is not complete without taking smears from the vagina and urethra for the degree of purity and fl.

Hormone strategy
Not all women know that the hormones that are in the body and associated with the monthly cycle are in charge.

Source: www.babyplan.ru

PROGESTERONE, natural steroid hormone of the corpus luteum, placenta and adrenal cortex. During puberty, with normal ovarian function, progesterone enters the body of a woman in the second phase of the menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle), when the corpus luteum forms after ovulation.

As the functional activity of the corpus luteum increases, its production of progesterone increases, and by the end of the menstrual cycle, due to the reverse development of the corpus luteum, it decreases. This contributes to the periodic rejection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

The onset of pregnancy, accompanied by the preservation of the functional activity of the corpus luteum, is characterized by a gradually increasing production of progesterone. Starting from the 4th month of pregnancy, the placenta becomes the place of formation of progesterone, from which it enters the body of the pregnant woman in increasing concentrations, and only shortly before delivery, its intake decreases. Progesterone transfers the mucous membrane in the uterine cavity from a state of proliferation to a state of secretion, promotes its rejection or transfer to a pre-pregnancy state, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone in small doses and inhibition in large doses.

The main physiological effect of progesterone in the female body is manifested only in puberty.

Progesterone keeps the pregnancy going(violates the transition of excitation from one muscle fiber to another and inhibits the contractile activity of the uterus), the necessary conditions for the development of the fetal egg, stimulates the development of the terminal elements of the mammary glands.

It is used in the treatment of habitual and spontaneous miscarriage (see Abortion) (if their cause is a lack of corpus luteum function), with mild but prolonged dysfunctional uterine bleeding, to suppress lactation in Chiari-Frommel syndrome, to reduce proliferative processes and eliminate them in the mucosa and muscular layers of the uterus, for the treatment of endometriosis, amenorrhea, algomenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, uterine fibroids, etc.

Progesterone: symptoms

When the body produces too little or too much of this hormone, symptoms can include:

• soreness of the chest;
• sudden mood swings;
• bloating;
• menstrual irregularities;

Progesterone: When to take an analysis?

Any analysis must be taken at the “right” time. This also applies to this hormone. Since its concentration increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle, the right time for analysis is the period after ovulation.

If you want to know what concentration of progesterone is in your blood, when to take it, an ovulation test will tell you. Usually, the analysis is taken on the 22-23rd day after the onset of menstruation - with a 28-day cycle. If the cycle is longer (for example, it is 35 days), then it is taken on the 28th-29th day.

In any case, consult your doctor: he will prescribe progesterone test and will tell you on which day of the cycle it is better to take it.

With a regular cycle, the analysis of the level of this hormone is carried out seven days before the onset of menstruation. When the cycle is irregular, measurements are taken several times. If a woman keeps a schedule of basal temperature, then blood is donated on the 6th or 7th day after its increase.

blood for progesterone, as well as for other hormones, it is necessary to take it no earlier than 6-8 hours after the last meal. It is best to do this in the morning on an empty stomach.

Progesterone: the norm in women

The units in which laboratories measure hormone levels are ng/mL or nmol/L. Their full name is nanograms per milliliter or nanomoles per liter. To convert ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply the ng/mL value by 3.18.

If the body of childbearing age produces this hormone in sufficient quantities, the norm in women varies between:

• follicular phase - 0.32-2.23 nmol / l;
• ovulatory phase - 0.48-9.41 nmol / l;
• luteal phase - 6.99-56.63 nmol / l.

After menopause, the level of the hormone does not rise above 0.64 nmol / l. This hormone is produced in a much larger amount when carrying a child, its norm is:

• I trimester - 8.9-468.4 nmol / l;
• II trimester - 71.5-303.1 nmol / l;
• III trimester - 88.7-771.5 nmol / l.

If you are taking any medications while carrying a child, while taking a test for progesterone, be sure to inform the laboratory assistant about this. He will make the necessary notes in order to correctly decipher the indicators.

progesterone by week pregnancy is produced with different intensity. Accordingly, the concentration of the hormone in the blood fluctuates. In addition, in various medical sources, the hormone norms for weeks of pregnancy differ significantly. If your blood test results differ from those shown, don't worry.

Progesterone: The norm in men

In men, the level of this hormone is normally low, it ranges from 0.32-0.64 nmol / l.

progesterone lowered

If conception has occurred, and there is a lack of this hormone in the body, the body of the future mother does not “know” that it is necessary to prepare for pregnancy. A new monthly cycle begins, and the body rejects the fetal egg in the uterus. So lack of progesterone can cause miscarriage in the first trimester.

A lack of the hormone can also be observed with a short luteal phase, when less than 10 days pass from ovulation to the start of the next menstruation. The duration of the luteal phase can be calculated using the basal temperature chart.

If after ovulation the level of the hormone is lowered, this indicates a hormonal failure. Its reasons may be:

• insufficient function of the corpus luteum and placenta;
• uterine bleeding not associated with menstruation;
• miscarriage;
• delayed pregnancy;
• chronic inflammation of the reproductive system;
• delayed intrauterine development of the baby;
• taking certain medications.

In such cases, among other things, appoint progesterone treatment in medicinal form.

progesterone elevated

In women, the level of this hormone in the blood begins to rise in the middle of the menstrual cycle. During this period, the body prepares for possible pregnancy. When the level is elevated, the body temperature rises, including basal.

An elevated level can be with:

• pregnancy;
• renal failure;
• uterine bleeding (not menstruation);
• deviations in the development of the placenta;
• yellow body cyst;
• absence of menstruation for more than 6 months;
• the production of insufficient or excessive amounts of hormones in the adrenal glands;
• taking certain medications.

When the concentration of this hormone in the blood is low, drugs are prescribed. Taking progesterone may cause side effects: high blood pressure, nausea, swelling.

Do not prescribe drugs if a woman:

• vaginal bleeding;
• impaired liver function;
• breast tumor.

Prescribed with caution in the following cases:

• diabetes;
• impaired kidney function;
• epilepsy;
• heart failure;
• migraine attacks;
• depression;
• bronchial asthma;
• breastfeeding;
• ectopic pregnancy.

A specialist can prescribe treatment only after the analysis. dosage form in which the patient will take the drug - injections or tablets - the doctor chooses.

Types of solutions for injection: progesterone 2.5%, progesterone 2% and progesterone 1%. In these preparations, the hormone is in a solution of olive or almond oil. The shelf life of the drug solution is 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Progesterone 1%, 2% and 2.5%, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, has a faster and more effective effect on the body than tablets.

The form in which it is most often prescribed progesterone, injections. The doctor may prescribe the drug for a delay in menstruation in order to correct the hormonal balance. If you have a hormonal imbalance, then this hormone, with a delay in menstruation, resumes the normal cycle. If you are pregnant and there is a threat of miscarriage, then it will help preserve the fetus.

OH-progesterone (other names - 17-OH-progesterone, 17-OH, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-opg), contrary to popular belief, is not a hormone. It is a product of the metabolism of steroid hormones, which is secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex. This is a kind of "semi-finished product" from which important hormones are formed. If during pregnancy OH-progesterone is elevated or downgraded is not a cause for concern. A blood test during this period does not provide any useful information to the doctor. It is important what level of progesterone the baby has after childbirth.

OH-progesterone: normal

An analysis for the concentration of the hormone is taken on the 4-5th day of the cycle. This should be done 8 hours after the last meal or more. If the adrenal glands are healthy and secrete OH-progesterone in sufficient quantities, the norm in women of childbearing age should be within:

• 1.24-8.24 nmol/l - follicular phase;
• 0.91-4.24 nmol/l - ovulatory phase;
• 0.99-11.51 nmol/l - luteal phase.

During menopause, the level of the hormone decreases to 0.39-1.55 nmol / l. It can be increased in women during pregnancy:

• I trimester - 3.55-17.03 nmol / l;
• II trimester - 3.55-20 nmol / l;
• III trimester - 3.75-33.33 nmol / l.

Lack of OH-progesterone

With a low level of the hormone in the body, there may be:

• abnormal development of the external genital organs in boys (pseudohermaphroditism);
• chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex (Addison's disease).

Increase in OH-progesterone

At elevated levels may develop:

• adrenal tumors;
• ovarian tumors;
• congenital disorders in the work of the adrenal cortex.

Violations in the work of the adrenal cortex can manifest themselves:

• increased amount of hair in women on the face, chest;
• acne;
• menstrual irregularities;
• polycystic ovaries;
• the birth of a dead child;
• miscarriages;
• early infant mortality.

Congenital adrenal dysfunction (CHD) in a woman can also lead to infertility, but sometimes symptoms do not appear, and childbearing is uneventful. If you have a decrease or increase in the level of the hormone, contact a specialist. With a correct and timely analysis, you will be prescribed a treatment that will help to avoid the unpleasant consequences of the disease.

Medical encyclopedia: use knowledge for health

Testosterone - a hormone that plays an important role in male sexual development and regulation of their ability to produce viable offspring. Violation of its quantitative indication usually indicates the development of various pathologies, especially of an endocrine nature, in the testes (for example, with a tumor of these glands).

Term meaning

Initially, it should be noted that this indicator is calculated. It is obtained from the percentage comparison of data on total testosterone and globulin, which binds sex hormones, in the blood (SHBG).

Total testosterone is distinguished by a combination of three conditions. One fraction of it is associated with albumin (23-63%), the second - with globulin (33-73%) and the third, the smallest (1-2%), the so-called free testosterone or active androgen, which is produced in male testes and does not reacts with proteins.

Free androgen, although in small quantities, but its role in the body of a man is very important, he:

• affects the maturation and production of genital parts;
• regulates spermatogenesis;
• affects sexual desire;
• promotes the growth of muscle tissue;
• prevents the accumulation of body fat;
• normalizes the exchange of phosphorus and nitrogen.

Individually, free testosterone cannot be isolated. It is defined as the difference between total androgen and protein-bound hormone. It is this residue that is called the "index of free testosterone."

It is calculated as a percentage. But for this, a study is first carried out on the presence of the amount of the above hormones. As a result of their comparison, this index is determined.

IMPORTANT! The transformation of testosterone into the appropriate form occurs under the influence of certain chemical influences, in which various enzymes take part. In the absence of at least one of them, incomplete maturation of the reproductive organs occurs.

Methodology for calculating the index

So, from the above, it is already known that the index of free testosterone is determined as a percentage. Such a calculation is shown in connection with obvious clinical signs of a violation of the degree of glucocorticoids produced by the glands of sexual secretion, in one direction or another. Moreover, the amount of the hormone in this case can remain in a normal state.

The index is calculated like this: the total androgen index is divided by the amount of SHBG, and the result is multiplied by 100. The active hormone calculator is widely used in medical institutions, it is easy to find it on the relevant Internet sites.

How is the analysis going?

Diagnosis is carried out with certain indications:

The analysis is done in special centers or laboratories. First, with the help of centrifuges, blood serum is obtained, which is then studied.

Preliminary preparation for such a study is necessary.:

1. you can’t eat before the analysis (the last meal is allowed 8 hours before taking it), you are only allowed to drink water;
2. since it is impossible to take medications before blood sampling, and this procedure should be carried out 1-2 weeks after they are canceled, this issue requires agreement with the attending doctor;
3. a day before the study, you need to give up fatty, fried, alcohol, give up exorbitant physical activity;
4. the reason for refusing the analysis may be the conduction of x-ray, fluorographic studies, ultrasound, physiotherapy the day before.

IMPORTANT! In order for the test results to be accurate and reflect the true picture, you should prepare with all responsibility for their delivery. You should not rely on your own interpretation of the results, only an endocrinologist can accurately decipher them and determine the exact diagnosis.

Blood from the patient's vein is taken by a knowledgeable health worker. This procedure is usually well tolerated. because the amount of material required is negligible.

The timing of the analysis is also important. Usually it should be in the morning, before 11 o'clock. Violation of all these recommendations may affect the results of the study. Naturally, the figures may be wrong.

The delivery of the analysis involves the mandatory registration of the patient. Therefore, you should take your passport with you.

In a day, when the result is usually ready, the laboratory employee will make a description of it, where he will clarify the identified deviations from the standard indicators.

The representatives of the stronger sex need to control the level of free testosterone in each period of its sexual development. For young men who have not reached full puberty, this is important for determining true and false hermaphroditism. For men, this type of study is indicated for the manifestation of symptoms of a certain ailment.

Normal values ​​in nmol/l, ng/ml, pg/ml

Recognition of research results always involves comparing the results obtained with established indicators. It should be noted right away that the units of research in medical institutions and laboratories may not be the same: nmol / l, ng / ml, pg / ml. This is not scary, because the forms with the final indices also indicate the standard indicators in the units that were used. Based on this, it is not difficult to determine the results of the check yourself.

However in case of deviations from normal values, the patient should not draw sudden conclusions. After all, such figures may not always indicate pathological changes in the body. For example, the maximum amount of testosterone is usually observed in the morning. Then its level gradually begins to decline and in the evening reaches a minimum.

If the androgen deviates from acceptable values, then it can be corrected. At the same time, the doctor does not eliminate this imbalance, but treats the causes of its occurrence. For this, mainly drug treatment is used.

This hormone is also synthesized depending on the season. So, in spring it is the largest, and in winter it is the smallest. Androgen jumps, which are of a short-term nature, also depend on depressive, stressful conditions, etc.

Serum testosterone according to age development defined in the following proportions (nmol/l):

• boys and men under 18 - 0.2-37.67;
• men from 18 to 50 years old - 5.76-30.43;
• men over 50 years old - 5.41-19.54.

The rate of free androgen in the stronger sex is 4.5-42 pg / ml. It depends on age, and, as mentioned above, time of day. Its highest level is observed before the age of 30.

But if this indicator deviates towards an increase, one can judge liver damage, prostate cancer, an excessive and rapid increase in tissue cells of the adrenal glands, pituitary tumors and other ailments.

A decrease in testosterone may indicate aging, is justified. With a decrease in this indicator for a certain age group, it may suggest the presence of such ailments as;

1. cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes;
2. hormonal disorders;
3. failures functional development male gonads, etc.

Typically, androgen deficiency is characteristic of patients:

• with Down syndrome;
• with obesity;
• dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

Reduce this figure and bad habits.

Exactly a blood test for testosterone levels is exact method diagnostics, allowing the doctor to identify the problem and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

You can learn about the norms of free testosterone in this video:

Conclusion

In the human body, as in nature in general, everything is balanced. Therefore, a change in this balance is the main symptom of a health problem. In addition, a lack or excess of such an important hormone as testosterone can also seriously spoil it.

If this condition is not diagnosed, then the disease will go into an active form. which will lead to many other complications. Therefore, at the first signs listed in this material, hurry to see an endocrinologist. Self-medication for hormonal ailments is unacceptable, because it is fraught with serious consequences.

- a very important female sex hormone. It is produced by the corpus luteum and in the adrenal glands (in a small amount).

The role of progesterone in a woman's body is great - the conception and bearing of a child depends on it. From the moment of ovulation, an increase in the production of this hormone begins, thanks to which the walls of the uterus become looser, the number of contractions decreases so that the egg has the opportunity to attach. Further production of the hormone by the corpus luteum is necessary to perform other equally important functions:

• influence on the endometrium, which supports the embryo;
• prevents the onset of menstruation;
• stimulates the development of mammary gland structures that will produce milk;
• affects the psycho-emotional state of a woman, develops the so-called maternal instinct.

In addition to a large role in female reproductive function, progesterone affects the body as a whole:

• prevents the formation of fibrous cysts;
• reduces blood viscosity;
• controls sugar levels;
• participates in fat metabolism.

The corpus luteum, which directly produces progesterone, is formed after the maturation of the egg and its release from the follicle. The remaining shell of the follicle is called the corpus luteum. Thus, progesterone begins to be produced on the 12-17th day of the cycle. This time is called ovulation, which lasts only 24 hours. If the egg is not fertilized, it dies.

After ovulation, the luteal phase begins, at which time progesterone is produced up to 56 ng / ml - this is his maximum level, then if fertilization has not occurred, then it decreases.

If conception has occurred, then the production of the hormone continues and rapidly increases - several hundred times.

Such a scheme operates during natural fertilization, if the ECHO method is used, then in this case the woman does not form a corpus luteum, respectively, there is no necessary level of hormones. In this case, hormone therapy is prescribed until the progesterone norm is reached and further, throughout the pregnancy.

The rate of progesterone by day of the cycle

In women, the rate of progesterone is determined depending on the day of the menstrual cycle. Each phase has its own value. Progesterone in the luteal phase reaches its maximum values ​​- this indicates the beginning of ovulation and the preparation of the uterus for egg implantation. If during this period the level of the hormone is low, and fertilization has occurred, then spontaneous miscarriage will occur. That is why, women planning pregnancy should control the amount of progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle.

A blood test is scheduled for day 22, but for a more detailed picture, doctors recommend taking it several times in a row to track the dynamics. What level of progesterone is considered normal? It should be noted that women who take hormonal contraceptives, the results will vary significantly. The table shows the normative indicators for each stage of the cycle:

If a woman is postmenopausal, then her hormone level should be from 0.32 to 2.51 nmol / l.

If conception occurs, then a rapid growth of the hormone occurs, and in a pregnant woman the indicators will be as follows:

Two days before delivery, the hormone level drops sharply - to 2.3 nmol / l. This is necessary so that the uterus can contract and, thereby, stimulate labor activity. However, the amount of progesterone remains high - it is involved in stimulating milk production.

What is the effect of low and high progesterone levels in women

Lack of hormone levels primarily affects reproductive system women.

If the rate of progesterone in the luteal phase is reduced, then the fertilized egg cannot attach to the walls of the uterus, dies and exits naturally together with the endometrium - this is menstruation.

If the amount of the hormone is reduced in the first trimester of pregnancy, then a miscarriage occurs, because the uterus contracts intensively, and the endometrium is not sufficiently prepared to hold the amniotic egg. But if the problem is only in progesterone, then it is solved with special drugs that are prescribed by a gynecologist.

The level of the hormone decreases due to the presence of the following problems in the body:

• chronic stage of inflammation of the ovaries;
• lack of ovulation;
• irregular monthly cycle;
• dysfunction of the corpus luteum;
• adrenal diseases.

If the amount of progesterone decreases, then this affects the level of estrogen - it rises and as a result, a woman has:

• sweating;
• sleep disturbance;
• weight gain;
• puffiness;
• convulsions.

The norm of estrogen should be in the range from 11 to 191 pg / ml. In women during menopause - from 5 to 90 pg / ml.

An increase in the level of progesterone in the body can be caused by the following reasons:

• pregnancy
• uterine bleeding;
• deviations in the development of the placenta;
• due to the formation of a cyst in the corpus luteum;
• adrenal pathology.

The effect of a woman's age on progesterone levels

As women age, the hormonal background changes completely - the production of some hormones, including progesterone, decreases, while others increase. With the onset of menopause, the ratio of estrogen and progesterone changes. Estrogen stimulates the activity of various body systems, and progesterone, as it were, restrains it. If there is an imbalance, women experience the so-called hot flashes. The condition is characterized by:

• increased excitability;
• frequent mood swings;
• disruption of the sweat glands;
• pain in the mammary glands;
• weight gain.

The production of hormones during menopause decreases due to the attenuation of ovarian function. Fewer and fewer eggs mature, there is no ovulation, and progesterone is not produced. But this does not mean that its level in the blood drops to zero - the required amount is produced by the adrenal glands, if their function is not impaired.

How to get tested for progesterone

To determine the level of progesterone, you need to take a blood test. But before passing it is necessary to consult a gynecologist - he will tell you how to choose the right day. Many prescribe an analysis on the 20th day of the cycle, but this is not entirely true, because the following points must be taken into account:

• the onset of the ovulation phase. If menstrual cycle normal, then it occurs on the 15th day, counting from the first day of the onset of menstruation, and with an unstable cycle, it is necessary to measure the basal temperature. Every day, the temperature in the rectum is recorded, and when a sharp decline is noted, and the next day - an increase, this indicates the onset of ovulation;
• you can take the test 4 days after the onset of ovulation;
• it is better to fix the dynamics of changes in indicators - take several days in a row, starting from 15 to 23. This is the only way to fix the phase increase in hormone production and compare the results with the normative ones;
• donate in the morning, on an empty stomach, and it is better not to eat at all for 12 hours before the expected time of blood sampling.

It must be remembered that if during the period of testing there is an indisposition and treatment with various drugs is carried out, then the results may be unreliable. In this case, they should be retaken a month later or after the end of treatment.

How to decipher the results of the analysis

The level of the hormone progesterone is measured in nanograms (0.000001 milligrams) per milliliter of blood. According to another system in nmol - nanomole (10 -9 mol) per liter. Normative indicators are most often given in nmol / l. Therefore, the question often arises, how to convert ng / ml to nmol / l. It is not difficult at all, you just need to use the formula:

1 ng/ml * 3.18 = 1 nmol/l.

For example, in a patient, the result of the analysis showed the hormone content in the blood at the level of 22.4 ng / ml. Substituting the result in the formula, you can get:

22.4 ng/ml * 3.18 = 71.23 nmol/l.

Considering that blood sampling is carried out during the luteal phase, and the progesterone rate on the 21st day of the cycle is 16.2–85.9, this result may indicate the normal function of the corpus luteum and ovaries - there are no deviations.

Bibliography

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