Aft mooring lines. Purpose and components of the mooring device. Safety precautions when performing mooring operations

Mooring device designed for reliable fastening of the ship to the pier, quay wall, landing stage; to the ship docked in the port water area. In some cases, this device is used to move a vessel from one mooring place to another, as well as for short-term mooring near an unequipped shore. The mooring device consists of: bollards, mooring haws, bale bars, mooring cables and reels for them, fenders. In addition, it can be equipped with mechanisms - mooring winches and capstan. For mooring, general ship mechanisms can be used - spiers and windlass.

The mooring device includes:

Mooring lines (mooring lines), with the help of which the vessel is pulled to the berthing facilities (other vessels), is attached to them and carries out re-mooring.

Moorings.Steel, synthetic and vegetable cables are used as mooring lines.

Steel cables must be galvanized and have at least 144 wires and seven organic cores. Automatic mooring winches can have a rope with one organic core and at least 216 wires.

Vegetable cables should be Manila or Sisal. On small boats, hemp cables are also allowed as mooring lines.

The number of mooring lines on the vessel, their length and thickness are determined by the Register Rules. In practice, it is customary to take the length of the mooring line by 10% more than the length of the vessel, but it is not required to make them longer than 200 m.

The largest number mooring lines are used when mooring a vessel log, depending on the location of the mooring lines and their purpose, they receive their name.

All mooring lines should have at the ends of about 2-3 m long lights and be sufficiently strong and elastic.

Mooring haws - reinforced oval cutouts in the bulwark, through which the mooring line is fed.

Installed in bulwark sheets. They can be simple and versatile. Simple haws of round and oval shapes are steel or iron castings with a smooth rounding of the working surface to avoid sharp bending of the mooring line.

The universal hawse has two vertical and horizontal rollers. The vertical rollers are spread wider so that the mooring line can be skipped. However, in such a hawse it is possible for the mooring line to jam.

Bale bar - a device for changing the direction of movement of the cable.

They are usually installed in the area of \u200b\u200brailings or on a bulwark. They are simple, closing, with rollers, with horizontal and vertical rollers and with a basting.

The bale bar without rollers consists of a base and horns, which are cast as one piece. Such bale strips are installed for the passage of springs and hold-down mooring lines, due to the fact that they have greater strength. When the cable passes through the bale strips without rollers, it experiences a lot of friction and quickly breaks down. This disadvantage is eliminated in bale strips with vertical rollers. They can have from one to three rollers. Bale bars with one and two rollers are used to guide one mooring line, with three rollers - for two.

Currently, freestanding two or three rollers on the bulwark or near the cutout in it have been used.

Bale strips with a horizontal roller and with a basting are used in cases where the mooring lines can deviate upward from the tension line.

On some ships, on a special base, diverter rollers are placed on a special base against the windlass warmers, which give direction to the cable for convenient application of it to the windlass.

Mooring bollard - for securing mooring lines (straight and cross).

Bollards are single and twin, cast, cast iron or steel pedestals, bolted or welded to the deck of the ship. The bollards have caps on top, sometimes there are tides on the sides, preventing the mooring from sliding up. By design, bollards are divided into single, paired and cross.

The number and location of mooring bollards are taken based on design features, purpose and general location of the vessel. Usually on ships there are 12 - 14 brine bollards, located symmetrically along the sides in the bow, middle and stern parts

Cross bollards are used on vessels with low decks. The rope applied to them will not slide up over the crossbar when feeding to the berth.

Fender - a means of protecting the side from possible damage, including during unsuccessful mooring (bulk). Fenders can be soft or hard. Used as fenders wooden beams, canvas or woven rope bags stuffed with crushed cork, hemp or synthetic waste, old car tires, cylindrical pneumatic cylinders, etc. In tugboats, the fenders are “sheathed” with pieces of tire covers. Modern ships are equipped with spring fenders.

Vyushka - a drum with large-diameter discs along the edges and a band brake, designed for winding the cable and storing it.

The views can be non-power and manually operated in the form of a sweep.

Steel and synthetic cables are stored on the views. It is not recommended to store plant ropes on them, since there will be insufficient air access to the internal hoses and rapid damage to the rope is possible.

Banquets- devices for storing mooring lines. They are wooden and metal baskets that are installed on racks and covered with covers. At banquets, the cables are well preserved, but take up a lot of space.

Stop at mooring lines, which serve to temporarily hold the mooring lines when transferring them from the windlass warhead to the bollards.

Installed between the bale bar or mooring hawse and bollard and fastened with a bracket to the butt on the deck or base of the bollard. To lock the steel mooring lines, a piece of a rigging chain with a caliber of 5-10 mm and a length of about 2 m with a 1.5 m long plant cable attached to it is used. The stopper is applied with a special locking knot. To do this, the stopper is pulled along the mooring line in the direction of tension, applied to the mooring lines with one half-bayonet, then four to five chain hoses are hollowly applied in the direction opposite to the first half-bayonet. After applying the stopper, the sailor holds it in tension by the end of the plant cable. For greater reliability of the cable locking, two half-bayonets can be applied

Throwing ends - thin ropes, with the help of which the mooring lines are fed to berthing facilities and other vessels.

They are made of hemp or sisal rope with a circumference of 25 mm and a length of 35 - 40 m with ease (a bag of sand, braided with shkimushgar) at the end. To make the new throwing end less tangled, it is soaked and pulled out when thrown. Currently, on some ships, throwing ends are made of nylon braided cord.

Conductors - auxiliary cables, wound, if necessary, between the toe lines and heavy mooring lines, when it needs to be fed or brought over a considerable distance.

They are vegetable and thin steel cables.

Mooring mechanisms serve for pulling the vessel to the berth, hauling the ropes, and also for attaching the mooring ends to them.

These include mooring pins and winches. In addition, windlass, anchor and mooring pins and, if necessary, cargo winches are used for mooring operations.

\u003d Sailor on duty (p. 31), Sailor and Boatswain's Manual (p. 98) \u003d

Preparing the vessel for mooring operations.

Preparing for mooring - necessary condition its high-quality conduct. The upcoming mooring is warned in advance by the mooring parties and the watch mechanic, who prepares the engine for operation in maneuverable mode. Power is supplied to the mooring mechanisms.

In advance, before arriving at the berth, a command is given from the bridge to "The mooring parties to stand at the mooring places!" Members of the mooring parties in shockproof helmets and gloves of the established pattern take their places according to the schedule for mooring operations. The chief mate is summoned to the bridge, and the chief mechanic is summoned to the engine room.

At the command "To moor with the right (left) side!" bow and stern mooring parties perform the following operations:

· Establish and test communication with the bridge;

· Check the operation of the mooring mechanisms at idle speed, prepare the anchors for recoil;

· Prepare the mooring cables for delivery to the berth;

· Prepare 2-3 tossing ends;

· Prepare canvas and mats to protect the mooring lines from friction in the places where they pass through haws and bale strips;

· Attach chain and plant stoppers to knöht or deck butts;

· Prepare soft fenders, and rigid fenders are hung, if necessary, along the side, with which the vessel will be moored to the berth;

· Prepare rat shields.

Each vessel must have a mooring device that ensures the pulling of the vessel to shore or floating berthing facilities and reliable fastening of the vessel to them. The mooring device serves to fasten the vessel to the berth, side of another vessel, roadstead barrels, bollards, as well as constrictions along the berths. The mooring device includes:

mooring lines;

• mooring hawks and guide rollers;

  bale strips (with and without rollers);

  views and banquets;

  mooring mechanisms (windlass warps, capstan, winches); auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, staples, throwing ends).

Mooring ropes (ropes). Vegetable, steel and synthetic ropes are used as mooring lines.

Steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferring from the side of the vessel to the berth. The most common on marine vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. Steel mooring lines are stored on hand-held reels equipped with a brake pressed by a pedal to the drum cheek. On large-capacity vessels, mooring views with a drive are installed.

Mooring lines made of synthetic ropes are widely used. They are lighter than steel and plant mooring lines of equal strength and have good flexibility, which remains at relatively low temperatures. It is not allowed to use synthetic ropes that have not been antistatic treated and not certified.

In order to use the positive qualities of various types of synthetic cables, combined synthetic cables are produced. On mooring winches, where the mooring lines are steel, that part of it that goes to the shore is made of a synthetic rope in the form of a so-called "spring".

On ships carrying flammable liquids in bulk with a flash point of vapors below 60 0 C, it is allowed to use steel cables only on the decks of superstructures that are not the top of the cargo loading compartments, if the pipelines for receiving and discharging cargo do not pass along these decks. It is possible to use artificial fiber ropes on tankers only with the special permission of the Register (if these ropes break, sparks may form).

For the timely detection of defects, mooring lines must ne less often 1 Raza at 6 monthsin undergo a thorough examination. Inspection should also be done after mooring in extreme conditions.

Depending on the position relative to the ship, mooring lines are called: longitudinal, pressure, springs (bow and stern, respectively).

Mooring lines at the outboard end have a loop - fire, which is thrown on the coastal nal or fastened with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is fastened to the bollards installed on the deck of the vessel.

Bollards are paired cast iron or steel pedestals located at some distance from each other, but having a common base. In addition to ordinary bollards, in some cases, especially on low-sided ships, cross bollards are used, which can be either double or single.

The mooring cables on the bollards are secured by overlapping a number of hoses in the form of a figure eight so that the running end of the cable is on top. Usually, two or three full eights are applied and only in exceptional cases the number of hoses is brought to 10. To prevent the cable from self-dropping, a fight is applied to it. There must be a separate bollard for fastening each mooring line ashore.

Cluses. For the passage of mooring lines from the ship to the shore, a mooring hawse is made in the bulwark - a round or oval hole bordered by a cast frame with smooth rounded edges. For mooring lines from automatic winches, it is usually installed Universityfromother pivoting haws These haws protect the cable from chafing. On ships sailing along the Panama Canal, where the ship is guided through locks by using coastal tractors, Panama hawses must be installed, which have a larger radius of curvature of the working surface than the side one, and are better suited for working with large diameter mooring lines.

Bale planks. Bale bars are designed to change the direction of the mooring. On most modern ships, bale bars are installed from two or three free-standing rolls. Bale strips without rollers are usually used only on small boats with a small diameter of the mooring line.

Rolls reduce wear on the cables and reduce the force required to pull them out. The diverter (deck) rollers are installed near the mooring mechanism, which prevents the mooring from skewing on the drum (warping drum).

Views and banquets. Banquets and views are used to store the mooring cables, the latter being a horizontal drum, the shaft of which is fixed in the bearings of the bed. On the sides, the drum has discs that prevent the cable from coming off.

Mooring mechanisms. Mooring mechanisms specially installed for this purpose (for example, mooring pins, winches, etc.) and other deck mechanisms (for example, windlass, cargo winches, etc.) with mooring drums can be used to select mooring lines. ...

To select the mooring cables on the tank use tourandchecks windlass. Mooring pins are installed to work with aft mooring lines. They take up little space on deck and the spire drive is located below deck.

Autaboutmatichestoie swartoval lebeaters can be installed to work with stern and bow mooring lines (Figure 6.50). The mooring lines are constantly on the winch drum, it does not require preliminary preparation before feeding and transferring to the bollards after tightening. Winches automatically pull up the vessel, taking out the slack in the cable, or deflect too tightly the cable when changing the position of the vessel relative to the berth during cargo operations, during high tide or low tide.

The mooring device must be kept in good condition to ensure it is always ready for action. Bollards, mooring hawks, bale bars, and guide rollers must always be smooth enough to prevent premature wear of the cables. Rollers, rollers and other moving parts must be easy to rotate, well-groomed and lubricated. Chain and cable stops, verb hooks must be in good working order.

In the presence of automatic mooring winches and mooring rotary haws, the rollers of the haws should be periodically turned and the rubbing parts should be regularly lubricated.

All ends, cables, fenders, mats, throwing lines must be dried in a timely manner, metal parts must be cleaned and lubricated.

When the vessel is moored, the following must be done:

it is forbidden to leave steel mooring lines on the windlass drums, even for a short time, since the shafts of the mechanisms can be bent when the mooring lines are pulled or jerked;

in places with sharp fluctuations in the water level, it is recommended to use vegetable cables or cables made of synthetic materials as mooring lines;

during loading and unloading, it must be checked that all mooring lines are equally tight, not excessively loose or too tight. It is especially necessary to monitor the mooring lines in ports where water level fluctuations take place;

during strong winds or tides, the mooring lines that are most stressed should be evenly taut. In the presence of swell, the mooring lines should have some slack in order to reduce their tension when the vessel is rocking;

during the rain, mooring lines and falini made of vegetable cables must be periodically vented, since when wet they are shortened by 10 - 12% and may burst.

The steel mooring line must be replaced if, at any point along its length equal to eight diameters, the number of wire breaks is 10% or more of the total number of wires, as well as if the rope is excessively deformed.

The vegetable rope must be replaced if the cables break, loosen, significant wear or deformation. Synthetic ropes must be replaced if the number of breaks and damage in the form of thread tears is 15% or more of the number of threads in the rope.

Steering wheel commands.

Types of mooring lines.

Mooring ropes (mooring lines) can be steel, vegetable and synthetic. The number of mooring lines on the vessel, their length and thickness are determined by the Register Rules.
The main mooring lines are fed from the bow and stern ends of the vessel in certain directions, excluding. both the movement of the vessel along the berth, and departure from it.

Depending on the directions in which they are fed, the mooring lines got their name (Fig. 39). Ropes 1 and 2, 7 and 8, fed from the bow and stern, keep the vessel from moving along the berth and are called fore and aft longitudinal, respectively.
Ropes 4 and 5 are called springs (bow and stern, respectively). The spring works in a direction opposite to its longitudinal end, and when paired with another spring it "performs the same work as the longitudinal ones.
Finally, cables 3 and 6, fed in a direction perpendicular to the berth, are called fore and aft hold-down cables, respectively. They prevent the vessel from leaving the berth in a squeezing wind.

Section 37. MOORING DEVICE

The ship's device, with the help of which the ship is securely fastened to the berth or other ship and its safe stay is ensured, is called a mooring device. The mooring device includes: bollards, haws, key strips, rollers, mooring winches and capstan, mooring cables and reels for their storage, fenders, throwing lines, portable stoppers.

The process of pulling a ship to the berth or to another "ship with its subsequent fastening in a stationary state is called mooring the ship. Departure from the berth or from another ship is called unmooring. Mooring is a responsible and difficult maneuver that can be performed in adverse conditions - when strong wind or current, with poor visibility - and for a successful completion it requires coordinated and clear actions of the mooring team, as well as constant readiness for action and serviceability of the entire mooring device.

Mooring ropes are used to fasten the vessel to the berth or other vessel; steel, vegetable or made of various synthetic materials. Depending on the material from which they are made, cables have different properties, which determines the use of certain cables in different conditions. At present, mooring lines made of synthetic materials are very widespread. The main advantage of these ropes is that they are more elastic, that is, they have a significantly higher elongation compared to steel or vegetable ropes, and therefore well absorb jerks. For example, dry nylon rope withstands a dynamic jerk of six times the load of a vegetable rope. In addition, synthetic ropes are lighter in weight and, due to these qualities, are very convenient to use. Despite the significant advantages, cables made of synthetic materials in some cases cannot replace steel or vegetable cables.

Steel ropes are made from galvanized steel wires. From the point of view of strength and weight, it is more profitable to use steel cables, especially when swimming in low temperatures - they do not freeze and do not break, like vegetable ones, slip less on warping ropes and bollards. However, due to their low elongation and, therefore, poor
depreciation, the use of steel cables is also limited.

Sisal cables are used from vegetable cables on modern ships. Hemp cables are less commonly used. The best are the Manila ropes, which are elastic, lightweight and have good buoyancy.

All plant ropes of large sizes (250-350 mm) are very inconvenient and difficult to work, especially in winter, and also if the ropes are wet. Therefore, at present, combined mooring lines have become widespread on large-tonnage vessels. Such a cable consists of a piece of synthetic cable, the length of which, depending on the size of the vessel, is calculated in such a way that the cable placed on the coastal gun or the towing hook of the towing vehicle does not reach the ship's hawse; the rest of the mooring line, consisting of a steel cable, passes through the hawse, is superimposed on the windlass tu-crust and is attached to the bollards. In this case, the positive properties of both cables are used: elasticity of synthetic and high frictional resistance of steel.

Combined ropes are highly reliable, especially when mooring in waves. The desire of the vessel to move under the influence of waves along the berth alternately forward and backward is damped by the large shock-absorbing capacity of the synthetic part of the mooring.

At the ends of the mooring lines, large loopholes are closed. Lights should be sealed at both ends of the mooring line so that in the event of a break in the mooring line during mooring, it can be quickly re-fed to the shore or to the tug at the other end. On synthetic cables, the working part of the ogon, i.e., approximately half its length, must be protected (for example, before closing the ogon, put on a cable a piece of a thick rubber or ordinary canvas hose), since the cable can be easily damaged on the coastal gun, where at the same time there are also steel mooring cables from another vessel.

To secure the mooring ropes on the vessel, bollards (Fig. 72) are used - two steel or cast-iron hollow pedestals 2, vertically placed on a common base 1. There are tides 3 on the stands, which prevent the lower hoses from rising upwards, and caps 4, which exclude the possibility of the rope slipping off pedestals. Bollards are installed in the stern and bow parts of the vessel, symmetrically on both sides. Depending on the length of the vessel, they are also installed in the middle part for additional mooring lines and mooring of floating equipment suitable for the side of the vessel.

The bollards are mounted on slotted countersunk head bolts to a foundation welded to the deck. Welded construction bollards are also installed that do not have a common base. In this case, steel bollards are passed through the deck and welded to the under-deck set and the deck, which is reinforced at this point. These bollards, larger than the others, are installed one or two at the bow and stern of the ship:

stern ones are used for sea towing of other vessels and structures, for example, floating docks, bow ones - for towing the vessel itself.

When mooring cables are fed ashore, they pass through special devices - gates installed in the bulwark (Fig. 73), or directly on the deck, at the edge of the side. Kluz is a steel or cast iron casting with a large radius of curvature in cross sectionnecessary for less cable wear. Sometimes the hawse has 2 horns (see Fig. 73), which are used for mooring port barges and tugs to the ship; ducks 1 serve the same purpose.

In addition to closures, bale strips of various configurations also serve to conduct mooring ropes (Fig. 74): a - simple, b - with bitten, which in practice has become known as the "boy", c and d - with one or two rollers. Bale

planks are installed in the upper part of the bulwark or on the deck at the edge of the outer side.

In the bow of the bulwark, in the centreline plane, an oversized hawse is installed - a towing hawk that serves to guide the towing cable during sea towing. In the stern, also in the center plane and for the same purposes, on some ships, a two-pulse bale bar with a slip basting is installed (Fig. 75).

The use of synthetic cables that quickly wear out during friction led to the creation of improved clams with rollers rotating in bearings (Fig. 76, a). Self-aligning closures are also used (Fig. 76.6), where a cage with two pulleys installed along its diameter rotates on ball bearings between the cage and the clus casing mounted on a bulwark. Depending on the direction of the cable going from the side to the coastal cannon, the clip, under the influence of tension, takes the most favorable position for the cable. In order that the cable going from the clus to the windlass or bollard (with a direction, as a rule, not coinciding with the direction of the outboard part of the cable), does not interfere with the clus, an additional guide roller is installed on the latter. A guide roller or roller with the same purpose can be installed separately in front of the clus.

However, the haws of the improved design are not free from drawbacks: their rotating parts are difficult to disassemble and, due to the inevitable ingress of salt water, quickly rust, while losing the ease of rotation. The grease supplied to the bearings and rollers is washed out in a relatively short time, even with seals,

Especially in stormy weather, so such cluses require constant attention and regular care.

Mooring mechanisms.

The following mechanisms are used as mechanisms in the mooring device: spiers (Fig. 77), intended only for mooring, anchor-mooring spiers (see Fig. 66), having both a mooring drum and an asterisk for the anchor chain, mooring winches (Fig. 78), anchor and mooring winches and windlass (see Fig. 65).
The most advanced mooring mechanisms are automatic mooring winches (see Fig. 78). All mooring mechanisms can have different drives: steam, electric or hydraulic. The most widespread are electric drives, as they are the most convenient in operation and require minimum time for commissioning.

To prevent the spire drives from taking up useful space on the deck where the spire itself is installed, they are placed in the under-deck space (see Fig. 66). Sometimes the drive is located directly in the spire drum; such a spire is called a wheel-less. The spire drum can be smooth, or have vertically arranged protrusions - velpses (see. Fig. 77), preventing the cable from slipping. However, Welps easily damage the cables.

Mooring winches usually have a drive mechanism 1 and an elongated shaft 2 (Fig. 79) with warping ropes mounted on it 3. Mooring winches are installed in the aft part of the vessel, where the middle part of the deck is occupied by the wheelhouse, while the winch allows working with mooring cables from both sides. Although the mooring winches take up more space than the capstan, they have the advantage that they have one drive driven by two drums - warheads spaced over long distances. Therefore, mooring winches are often installed on tankers, in the middle of the vessel, which allows mooring operations from both sides of the vessel at any, usually large, width. In addition, the winches in this case can serve the cargo arrows of the tanker.

Anchor and mooring winches are used in cases where the vessel is equipped with a stern anchor located in the anchor hawse. The winch device allows separate operation of the mooring warping machine and the chain sprocket.

Automatic mooring winches (see. Fig. 78) are installed on large vessels to facilitate labor-intensive and heavy mooring operations with thick cables, as well as to automatically maintain the tension of the cable when changing its length due to changes in draft of the vessel during cargo operations. They can have steam (see fig. 78) and electric drives (fig. 80); hydraulic winches are also found.

Many winches have a single drum. The disadvantage of such winches is that the upper slopes of the cable, experiencing significant tension, reaching automatically
works up to 30 tons, cut into the lower layers, which are flattened and lose their shape and strength. The greatest damage is experienced in. in this case steel cables. To avoid this phenomenon, the winch drum is flanged split into two parts (see Fig. 80). On one half of the drum, the main supply of the cable is wound, which, after the cable is fed to the shore, when it still has a slack equal to the length of 4-5 slings on the drum, is transferred through a slot in the flange to the other part of the drum. Then the slack is selected, the work of the winch is transferred to the specified automatic mode; at the same time, the part of the cable experiencing the maximum voltage works directly on the drum, i.e., in best conditions, in one row, without touching the rest of the cable.
The presence of automatic mooring winches on the ship greatly simplifies mooring, facilitating the work of sailors and reducing time. Work with winches takes place in the following sequence: before starting work, the winch mechanism, set to manual control, is turned to idle. Then a mooring drum is connected to the drive mechanism, and the cable is etched out to the hawse, through which it must be fed ashore. After filing the throwing end and fastening it to the mooring line, it is vented from the winch as it is picked up by the coastal mooring operators. The moorings fixed for the coastal pallet are picked up, and the ship is pulled up to the pier. At the end of mooring, the winch is transferred from manual mode to automatic.

Depending on the situation and parking conditions (wind force, presence of current, etc.), the degree of working tension of the cable is established on the winch, usually in the range from 2 to 10 tons. This means that if the draft has decreased in the process of unloading the vessel, then if the cable tension exceeds the assigned value, suppose 5 tons, the winch will automatically pick up a certain amount of the cable and stop at the moment when the tension decreases to 5 tons. With a further change in draft, the process will be repeated. When the draft increases, i.e. when the vessel is loaded, the winch will pick up the cable as soon as the tension becomes less than the designated one. The length of the mooring that the winch automatically etches is limited and usually lies in the range of 8-12 m. This is done so that in case of sudden exposure to an external force, such as a barrage, when the load on the vessel exceeds the specified tension (in our example 5 d), the winch did not etch an unlimited amount of rope, which could put the ship in an emergency position.

With this design, by etching the set amount of the cable, the machine clamps the brake, creating a force exceeding the tensile strength of the cable. At the same time, a sound or light signal is turned on on the winch, indicating an emergency operation of the winch.

The designs of some types of winches allow grouping in one place the control of several winches, thus making it remote in manual mode.

Automatic mooring winches are installed so that the cable wiring from the drum could pass through the locks from both sides. In most cases, the vessel is equipped with three winches at the tank and at the stern.

To ensure safe berthing at the berth, mooring lines are fed from the vessel to the shore in such a way that they impede the movement of the vessel in all directions that may be caused by external forces: current, wind, including a sudden squall, etc.

The main mooring cables are fed from the fore and aft ends of the vessel in strictly defined directions, depending on which the cables get their name. Ropes 1 (Fig. 81), fed from the bow and stern to keep the vessel from moving along the berth forward or backward, are called longitudinal cables, cables 2, performing the same work as longitudinal, but working in the opposite direction, are called springs, and cables 3, which do not allow the vessel to move from the berth in the lateral direction, are called hold-down.

Each vessel is required to submit at least three mooring lines from the bow and stern. For large vessels
the number of mooring lines must be doubled in some cases (see Fig. 81).

When mooring, the cables are served in a certain sequence, depending on the specific situation - weather conditions, the presence of vessels standing at the berth in front and behind the berth intended for parking, the number of assisting tugs, currents, etc. As a rule, the vessel approaches the front berth running at a very low speed, with the expectation of extinguishing the inertia when directly approaching the berth. In some cases, for example, with a strong pressure wind, the mooring can be carried out with the return of the anchor from the windward side, holding in this case the bow of the vessel from rapid movement to the berth. Medium-tonnage vessels in most cases, and large-tonnage, as a rule, are moored with the help of tugs, the number of which depends on the size of the vessel and the mooring circumstances.

When the vessel approaches the berth, the mooring lines are given with the help of throwing ends, or, as they are also called, leaps. The throwing end (Fig. 82) is a plant line, usually from the Sisal cable, 25-35 m long, with small lights at the ends. A small canvas bag, filled with sand and braided by a shki-mushgar in the form of a small fender, is fixed on one flare of the casting end. If the casting end is pulled out of a new cable, it must be soaked in salt water, pulled doubly, and suspended in the middle of the greasy skeleton GRU3, so that the tench stretches, dries, nets After such processing, the pegs will not form on the tench, and it will be easy to use.

The throwing end is prepared for work as follows: the fire at the free end is put on the left hand, the line is wound in even sleeves into a small bay, which is divided into two approximately equal parts, one of which is in the right hand with a weight. With a strong wave, the end is thrown ashore, first from the right hand, and then from the left. The end is held by the handgun. Sometimes, before serving, the dropping end of the wettube is overboard, since at the wet end, as a more rigid one, the hoses lie more evenly, and the end itself and the weight are somewhat heavier.

The filing of the throwing end requires certain skills, the acquisition of which is the responsibility of the seaman of the sea vessel, since the timely delivery of the mooring depends on this operation, which is of great importance for the successful completion of the ship's mooring maneuver.
The throwing end is attached to the light of the mooring line in such a way that on the bank of the mooring lines it would be possible to immediately put it on the coastal bar without clamping the throwing end and not wasting time on untiing it. Therefore, if a knot is used that rigidly covers the mooring lines (Fig. 83, /), then it must be knitted not by the back of the fire, but by its
side branch. You can use the arbor knot (Fig. 83.2), which also easily releases the back of the fire. In all cases, you should not use such nodes, which, being tightened, significantly complicate the return of the cast end from the mooring.

Mooring lines should be placed on coastal guns in the manner shown in Fig. 84, since the upper mooring line in this case does not clamp the lower one and each mooring line can be removed from the gun separately. To protect the hull of the vessel from damage when it comes into contact with the berth, fenders (Fig. 85) of a round or oblong shape are placed at the touch point. The fender consists of a canvas bag stuffed with crushed cork or other elastic and non-deformable material and braided with a strand of resin hemp rope. The fender has a light with a thimble, for which a sisal end of sufficient length, 50 mm thick, is attached.

Fig. 83. Fastening of the casting end to the mooring of the mooring

It is not recommended to use soft fenders while parking, as they quickly collapse. Instead, rigid ones can be used, which are round wooden rods with a diameter of 200-300 mm and a length of up to 2 m. In the upper part of the fender, a hole is drilled through which the end is used to hang it. For
to make the fenders more flexible, it can be peeled over the entire length with an old vegetable cable.

For mooring on a barrel or behind the coastal eyelets, mooring brackets 1 (Fig. 86) are used, the size of which allows them to be inserted behind the plant cables. The fire of the mooring line 3 should be started behind the eye 2 in the manner shown in fig. 86. It is not recommended to fasten the ogre with a bracket directly behind the eye, since with a strong tension of the cable, the bracket pin may bend and it will be impossible to return the bracket. During mooring, after the cable is stuffed with a spire and needs to be transferred to the bollard, portable stoppers are used to temporarily hold the cable. For a steel cable, stoppers are used in the form of a short-link lifting chain about 3 m long.At one end of the stopper, brackets are inserted into the enlarged end link, with the help of which the stopper is attached to the eye at the base of the bollard, or if there is no eyeball, by a noose behind the bollard curbstone. At the other end of the stopper, a plant line, 1-2 m long, rotates, making it easier to use the stopper.

For vegetable and synthetic cables, the stopper is made of the same material as the cable, but with a smaller diameter. The use of chain stoppers for vegetable and synthetic cables is unacceptable, since the chain strongly deforms the cable and disables it. The stopper is placed on the mooring lines with a special knot (Fig. 87).

The stopper is held by the hand for the running end, however, under difficult conditions of mooring, when the mooring is under high tension and there is no certainty that the stopper will not burst, its running end is attached to the mooring wrap from the cable.

When the mooring is taken to the stopper, the mooring cable should not be sharply dropped from the tripod so that the stopper is not jerked off. Moorings should first be carefully etched without removing the sludge from the drum, and only making sure that the stopper holds the moorings securely, the latter must be quickly shifted to the bollard.

In the case when tugboats are used for mooring, mooring cables are usually used as tow ropes. During the operation of the tug, depending on its position in relation to the vessel, the tow rope breaks sharply in the hawse and is subjected to strong friction due to the variable thrust of the tug. For synthetic rope, these operating conditions are the most unfavorable and the rope can burst, thereby placing the boat in a critical position. At the same time, the steel towing rope, due to its low elasticity, does not withstand the jerks of the tugboat, which can also lead to its breakage. That is why the combined tug is the most reliable in operation. It consists of a double piece of synthetic cable and a steel cable that is rotated at both ends of this loop. The length of the end intended for being hauled into a tug is 10-15 m and the length of the end used for fastening on bollards on the deck of the ship is 50-75 m. Such a towing cable is the most durable, since, firstly, the steel end is not it is cut with an earring wound from the stern of the tug, secondly, the middle part of the synthetic cable absorbs well the jerks of the tug and, thirdly, the steel cable is most suitable for difficult working conditions in the hawse and on the bollard.

The mooring device serves to fasten the vessel to the berth, side of another vessel, roadstead barrels, bollards, as well as constrictions along the berths.

The mooring device includes:

mooring ropes; bollards; mooring hawses and guide rollers; bale bars (with and without rollers); views and banquets;

mooring mechanisms (windlass warps, capstan, winches);

auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, staples, throwing ends).

Mooring cables. Vegetable, steel and synthetic ropes are used as mooring lines. The number and size of ropes are determined according to the characteristics of the equipment of the given vessel.

Steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferring from the side of the vessel to the berth. The most common on marine vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm.

Moorings made of synthetic cables are widely used. They are lighter than steel and plant moorings equal to them, have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures.

The most convenient mooring lines are made of polypropylene or terylene cables. They are inferior in strength to nylon ones, but due to their lower elasticity, they better fix the position of the vessel at the berth and are less dangerous in operation when using mooring mechanisms.
Polypropylene mooring lines are especially convenient for long distances, as they float. At the same time, they have little resistance to abrasion and melt during friction. It is not allowed to use synthetic ropes that have not undergone antistatic treatment and are not certified.

In order to use the positive qualities of various types of synthetic cables, combined synthetic cables are produced. On mooring winches, where the mooring lines are steel, the part that goes to the shore is made of a synthetic rope in the form of a so-called "spring".

For the timely detection of defects, mooring lines should be thoroughly inspected at least once every 6 months. Inspection also needs to be done after mooring in extreme conditions.

At one end of the mooring cable there is a loop - a torch, which is worn on the shore pedestal or fastened with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is fixed on bollards installed on the deck of the vessel.

they are paired cast-iron or steel pedestals located at some distance from each other, but having a common base. In addition to ordinary bollards, in some cases, especially on low-sided ships, cross bollards are used, which can be either double or single.

1 - base; 2 - curbstone; 3 - a hat; 4 - tide; 5 - stopper; 6 - butt

Mooring ropes on bollards fixed by imposing a series of barriers in the form of a figure eight so that the running end of the cable is on top. Usually two or three full eights are applied, and only in exceptional cases the number of hoses is brought to 10. To prevent self-dropping of the cable, a fight is applied to it. There must be a separate bollard for fastening each mooring line ashore.

For the passage of mooring lines from the ship to the shore, a mooring hawse is made in the bulwark - a round or oval hole bordered by a cast frame with smooth rounded edges. Nowadays, universal cluses having a rotary cage and rouls are finding wider application. Such haws protect the cable from chafing.

In those places where there is no bulwark, bale straps are installed instead of mooring locks, which protect the cable from grinding and give it the necessary direction. Several types of bale planks are available. Bale strips without rollers are usually used only on small boats with a small diameter of the mooring line. Rowls reduces cable wear and reduces the force required to select them.

a) - with three rollers; b) - with two rollers; c) - without rouls

In addition to the bale strips, guide rollers are also used to change the direction of the cable, which are located on the deck near the mooring mechanisms.

Views and banquets. Banquets and views are used to store mooring cables.

The latter are a horizontal drum, the shaft of which is fixed in the bearings of the bed. On each side the drum has discs that prevent the cable from coming off.

Throwing ends (throws) and fenders.Mooring device parts also include cast ends and fenders. The casting end is made of a tench about 25 m long. At one end there is lightness - a canvas bag filled with sand.

1 - cable; 2 - ejection; 3 - portable chain stopper

Used to protect the hull from damage during mooring. Soft fenders are most often made braided from old plant cable.

Cork fenders are also used, which are a small spherical bag filled with a shallow cork. Recently, pneumatic fenders are increasingly used.

Mooring mechanisms. As mooring mechanisms for the selection and tightening of moorings, spiers, mooring simple and automatic winches, windlass (for working with bow mooring) are used.

Mooring pins are installed to work with aft mooring lines.

They take up little space on the deck; the spire drive is located below the deck.

To pick out the mooring cables on the tank use windlass mooring warps.

Automatic mooring winches can be installed to work with aft and bow mooring lines. The mooring lines are constantly on the winch drum, it does not require preliminary preparation before feeding and transferring to the bollards after tightening. The automatic winch automatically releases the mooring lines when it is over-tensioned or picks up if the mooring lines are slack.

The mooring cable selected by the mechanism is transferred to the bollards and fixed. So that when transferring the cable he does not get poisoned, a stopper is preliminarily applied to him.

The stopper is attached to the eye at the base of the bollard or behind the butt on the deck of the ship. When working with steel mooring chains, chain stoppers should be used with a chain length of at least 2 m, a caliber of 10 mm and a vegetable cable with a length of at least 1.5 m at the running end. The use of chain stoppers for vegetable and synthetic cables is not permitted.

The stopper is pulled along the mooring line in the direction of tension. When the mooring is taken to the stopper, you should not sharply drop the cable from the turret or spire so that the stopper is not torn off in a jerk. The mooring lines should first be carefully released by the reverse of the spire or windlass, without removing the slips from the drum, and only after making sure that the stopper holds the mooring lines securely, the latter should be quickly shifted to the bollard.

On large ships, stationary screw stops can be used, in which the cable is clamped with a screw between the cheeks.

Stationary stoppers are installed on the deck between the hawse or bale bar and the bollard. The selection and securing of mooring lines is greatly simplified by the use of bollards with rotating bollards, which have recently begun to be used.
Mooring lines are placed in "eights" on the bollard bollard and served on the windlass. When the cable is pulled out, the bollards turn around, freely passing the cable. After removing the cable from the windlass warping machine, it will not be etched, since the pedestals have a stopper that prevents them from turning in the opposite direction.